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Human Biology > Liver and Gallbladder > Flashcards

Liver and Gallbladder Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the liver and gallbladder associated with

A

Small intestine

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2
Q

Name the 4 functions of the liver in terms of digestive system

A

Production of bile, metabolises lipids which generates ATP, glucose storage for the body and detoxification

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3
Q

What does bile acts as

A

A detergent and fat emulsifier

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4
Q

What does bile assist in

A

Digestion and absorption of fats within the small intestine

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5
Q

What is bile produced by in the liver

A

The hepatocytes of the liver

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6
Q

How is the gallbladder related to the liver in terms of bile

A

Bile is collected by a network of ducts which drains into the gallbladder

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7
Q

Describe the gallbladder in terms of location and appearance

A

Small green sac with smooth muscle in its thin walls that snuggles up against the right lower surface of the liver

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8
Q

What purpose does the gallbladder serve

A

Concentrates and stores bile before released into the small intestine

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9
Q

What is the major stimulation for gallbladder contraction and why must the gallbladder contraction

A

Stimulation is cholecystokinin and the gallbladder must contract so that bile can enter to the small instestine

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10
Q

What is cholecystokinin

A

Instestinal hormone released when acidic fatty chyme enters the duodenum from the stomach

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11
Q

What is bile derived from

A

Cholesterol and cholic salts

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12
Q

High cholesterol can lead to formation of what

A

Gallstones (biliary calculi)

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13
Q

What is the main pigment of bile

A

Bilirubin

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14
Q

Bilirubin is formed from what

A

The waste product of heme formed during the break down of worn out red blood cells

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15
Q

Inflammation of the liver is what

A

Hepatitis

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16
Q

Inflammation of the gallbladder is what

A

Cholecysititis

17
Q

Hepatitis and Cholecysititis can lead to a build up of bilirubin in the blood, this then leads to what

A

Jaundice

18
Q

What is one of the breakdown products of bilirubin (once it has been metabolised in the small intestine)

A

Urobilinogen which gives poo the brown

19
Q

What does the portal circulatory system do

A

Delivers blood directly from the small intestine to the liver

20
Q

Portal hypertension is most often associated with what

A

Cirrhosis of the liver

21
Q

Describe the liver histology

A

Composed of hexagonal lobules

22
Q

Each lobule has what

A

Central vein with sheets of hepatocytes

23
Q

At each point of the hexagon is a portal triad consisting of what

A

Arteriole, venule and a bile duct

24
Q

Blood from the arteriole and venule passes down capillaries called what

A

Sinusoids

25
Q

What are inside the sinusoids

A

Star shaped scavenger macrophages, kupffer cels

26
Q

What do kupffer cells do

A

Remove debris and worn out blood cells from the blood as it flows past

27
Q

The sheets of hepactocytes lining the sinusoids do what

A

Process blood borne nutrients, stor fat soluble vitamins, detoxify blood of toxins and wastes and produce bile

28
Q

Hepatocytes secrete bile into what

A

Tiny canals called bile canaliculi

29
Q

Where does bile canaliculi run

A

Between the hepatocytes towards the bile ducts of the portal triads

30
Q

HVA and HVE are transmitted by what

A

Food or contaminated water

31
Q

HVB and HVC are carried in what

A

Infected blood products or body fluids

32
Q

HVD is what

A

Mutated virus that needs HVB to be infectious

33
Q

Alcohol poisoned hepatocytes regenerate near the what faster that what

A

Near the portal triads than those near the central vein

34
Q

However what generates faster than hepatocytes and this results in what

A

Fibrous scar tissue and so the liver becomes filled with yellowish fat and non functioning scar tissue and obstructs vital blood flow to the liver

Human Biology (63 decks)

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