Overfat Flashcards
Fat cells: three stages of natural development
-the last trimester of pregnancy
-first year of adult life
-adolescent growth spurt
Hypertrophy - increases in size of existing adipose cells
Hyperplasia- new fat cell formation (not reversible)
If energy input is greater than energy output
Weight gain
If energy input is less than energy output
Weight loss
Binge eating disorder BED
Involves ingesting large amounts of foods without purging
Is encourage in some sports such as sumo wrestling and football
Leads to obesity in most cases
Creeping obesity more likely than BED
Obese individuals are often viewed as gluttonous as seen with binge eating disorder
Many generally do no =t consume excessive amounts of kilocalories (Athelets consume a lot of calories but burn a lot)
Physically active individuals have been shown to consume more kilocalories than obese individuals
Creeping obesity (caused by)
Obesity is often the result of too little activity rather than excessive overeating this is what leads to “creeping obesity”
- the result of long term change in energy balance that results in gradual fat gain over a period of time
Excessive over fatness = obesity (+location of fat)
An excessive accumulation of fat at which the fat becomes chronic health risk
> 30 % in women
> 20-25 % in men
Th location of fat also confers health risks
Apple shape (android) more dangerous
Pear shape (gynoid)
Obesity : to be classified
To be classified as obese (adults 18+)
Males
-body fat % > 20 %
Or BIM > 39
Or waist >102 cm
Females
-body fat % > 30%
Or BMI > 30
Or waist circumference > 88 cm
Obesity : a health risk (health problems that could develop)
Linked to heart disease, cancer, stroke, diabetes, antihero sclerosis
The “driver” for increase blood fats, blood pressure and blood sugars
Health problems due to excess body fat: surgical risk
Increase anesthesia needs and increase of wound infection
Health problems due to excess body fat: pulmonary disease
Excess weight over lungs
Health problems due to excess body fat: type 2 diabetes
Enlarged fat cells bind with insulin and poorly respond to the message insulin sends to the cell
Health problems due to excess body fat: hypertension (high blood pressure)
Increase miles of blood vessels found in fat tissue
Health problems due to excess body fat: coronary heart disease
Increase in serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels, lower physical activity
Health problems due to excess body fat: bone and joint disorders
Excess pressure put on knee, ankle and hip joints
Health problems due to excess body fat: gall bladder stones
Increase in cholesterol content of bile
Health problems due to excess body fat: various cancers
Estrogen production by fat cells
Excess energy intake encourages tumour development
Health problems due to excess body fat: skin disorders
Trapping moisture and microbes in skin folds
Health problems due to excess body fat: shorter stature
Earlier onset of puberty
Health problems due to excess body fat: pregnancy risk
More difficult delivery; increase anesthetic needs
Health problems due to excess body fat: early death
…
Mortality and obesity
Death rate:
Obese 15-69 yrs 50% higher than normal
Overweight individuals 30% higher than normal
For every 10% above normal weight lifespan lowers by 1 year
Can fit= fat
It may not be body fat that puts an individual at health risk but an inactive lifestyle
Active, obese individuals can have normal blood sugars, blood fats and blood pressure
But fit and fat is not the norm
Obesity increases with age
Lose muscle mass = decrease metabolism, if less active
Education high school vs. Post secondary
Canadian childhood obesity trends
Children aged 5-17
32% are overweight or obese, but not obese 20% obese 12%
Boy 15% girls 3%
Obesity in childhood can cause
Type 2 diabetes and heart disease
Approx 30 % of Canadian children are overweight or obese
Are children less active today
As children get older, activity decreases
Raise in sedentary type activities
What can we do to prevent obesity in children
Limit screen time, role modelling, wide variety of physical activity options, physical ed and recess should be top priority, healthy diet, active learning
Child hood obesity foundation: live the 5-2-1-0 rule
5: or more veggies and fruits a day
2: no more than 2 hours of screen time a da
1: hour of physical activity per day
0: no surgery drinks
Contributors to obesity (genetics)
Genetics
Children and or adolescents with obese parent (1 or both) tend to become obese
Genes, linked to obesity have been identified but indicate susceptibility not obesity
Potential contributors to obesity
Early eating patterns
Children who are inactive and overeat
Clean your plate rule
Bottle feeding- predispose to obesity
Making sweets plentiful/rewards
Yo-yo dieting
Potential contributors to obesity: environmental factors
Lack of exercise
Eating (high calorie/ high fat) drinking habits
Societal norms
Potential contributing factors to obesity: metabolic factors
Exercise, caffeine, drugs (amphetamines), lean muscle mass, age, sex, foods
Yo-yo dieting
Dieting (caloric restriction) decreases resting metabolism
Exercise increases resting metabolism
What is the best way to loss body fat (healthy body composition)
Through combinations of healthily eating and exercise
Body fat reduction: exercise, what does it do
Depresses appetite
Maximizes loss of lean muscle tissue
Burns high number of calories and increases metabolic rate
Changes the way your body handles fat (more aerobic training means you shift fat to the muscles, burning it more often
Body fat reduction: general exercise guidelines
Should be primarily aerobic in nature
Beneficial to include some form of resistance training
Has to involve the big muscles of the body
Frequency is key - daily
Exercise prescription for fat loss: traditional
Low intensity, longer duration (long and slow)
Minimum of 12 minutes to trigger growth of fat-burning enzymes and mobilize adipose tissue
Exercise prescription for fat loss: more contemporary
High intensity, shorter duration
High intensity interval training HIIT ( good for retired athletes)
Best exercise for weight loss
Something the person will actually do
