Atheltic Injuries Flashcards
Bio mechanical principles of injury- loading
Under load a tissue experiences deformation
Deformation can be visualized through deformation curve
Elastic region (low, small)
Capacity of a tissue to return it its original shape after removal of load
Elastic limit (deformation)
Plastic region begins
Tissue no longer processes elastic properties
Plastic region
Permanent tissue deformation (does not return to its original shape)
Resulting in failure (sprains= ligaments)
Ultimate failure
Macro or complete failure ( torn ligament)
Tissue becomes completely unresponsive to loads
Tissue responses to training loads
Training load = < elastic limit
Macro failure = building new tissue
Positive training effect
Training load+ > elastic limit
Permanent failure
Injury
Forces acting on tissue
Tension: pulling up and down
Compression: pushing in from bottom and top
Bending
Shear: pushing right and left
Torsion: twisting
Injury treatment
Received by patient from a health care professional
Promotes healing
Improves quality of injured tissues
Allows quicker return to activity
Want scar tissues to align so you still have range of motion
Injury rehabilitation
Therapists restoration of inured tissue + patent is participation
-individualized for each perosn
Healing phases
Inflammatory response phase : 2-4 days
Fibroblastic repair phase: hours- 6 weeks
Maturation-remodeling phase: 3 weeks- years
Inflammatory response phase ( what to do/signs)
Inflammation begins at time of injury
Signs
-redness
-swelling
-pain
-increased temperature
-loss of function
Protect
Rest
Cryotherapy (reduces swelling, pain and spasms
Compression- decreased swelling
Elevation - decreases swelling
Fibroelastic repair phase
Repair and scar formation
Granulation tissue fills the gap
Collagen fibres are deposited by fibroblasts
Rehab specific exercises - restore ROM
Manual massage therapy and ultrasound - break down scar tissue
Protective taping and bracing
Maturation-remodeling phase
Remodeling or realigning of scar tissue
More aggressive stretching and strength ting - organizes the scar tissue along th lines of tensile stress
Include sport specific skills and activities
Pain
Natures way of telling us something is wrong
One of the best indicators to stop play
Problem with ignoring pain
Masking with medications and continued pain can lead to
-pushing injured tissue closer to yield-level point
-addiction
-gastrointestinal complications
Soft tissue injuries (examples)
Contusions
Strains and sprains
Dislocations
Fractures
Concussions
Growth plate
Contusions
Bruise
Compressing force crushes tissue
Discolouration and swelling; bleeding underneath skin
PRICE treatment
Myositis ossificans
Abnormal bone formation in severe contusion
Life-threatening if the tissue involved is a vital organ
Strains
Tendon or muscle tissue is torn or stretched
Sprain
Ligament or joint capsule is stretched or torn
Grade of sprains and strains: Grade 1
Slightly stretched or torn; few muscle fibres
Grades of sprains and strains: Grade 2
Moderately stretched or torn, more muscle fibres
Grades of sprains and strains: Grade3
Complete rupture
Surgery required
Only 2% wont need surgery eg. ACL tear
Common strains (muscle/ placement)
Quadriceps
Adductors
Hip flexors
Hamstrings (most common)
Rotator cuff
Hamstring strains
Most frequent
Mechanism: rapid contraction in lengthened position (sprinting or running
Due to strength imbalance
-hamstring strength < quadriceps strength
Should double hamstring work
Dislocations
High enough forces push the joint beyond its normal anatomical limits
Joint surface come apart
Simple fracture
Stays within the surrounding tissue
More mild
Compound fracture
Protrudes from skin
Stress fracture
Results from relates low magnitude loads
-often go unnoticed
Avulsion fracture
Involves tendon or ligament pulling small chip of bone
Concussions (mechanism/symptoms)
Injury to brass
Mechanism:
-violent shaking or jarring action of the skull
-brain bounces inside skull
Symptoms
-confusion
-temporary loss of brain function
Rest
* no such thins as a minor concussion or shaking it off
Overuse injuries (results from/due to)
Due to
-no sufficient recovery
-repeated and accumulated micro trauma
Results from
-poor technique
-poor equipment
-too much training
-type of training
Stress fractures
Results from low magnitude repeated fore’s
Small disruption of the outer bone layer
Weakened bone
Cortical bone fracture (outside)
Not shin splints
Shin splints
Pain alongside tibial surface
Involves pain and inflammations
No disruption of cortical bone
Injury related to growth
During rapid growth, growth plates are wider apart therefore more. Vulnerable to growth plate injury (stop growing)
Peak height velocity (growth)
Velocity of growth reaches its maximum during peak height velocity (PHV)
Age at PHV on average
Females= 12 yrs males = 14 yrs
Epiphysis growth plate (how does it break)
Breaks by compression forces
Contact sport
Apophyseal growth plate ( gets broken by)
Tensile pulling forces
Overuse
Epiphyseal
End of long bones
Under compression forces
Damage can be accuse or Chronoscope
Damage can result in premature fusion (ossification) of bone which could lead to that injured bone being shorter
Apophyseal
Generic name for bony bumps that have tendons (muscles) attached
Growth plate is between bump and shaft Tensile force (traction)
Muscles contract and pull on the bump which in turn pull on growth plate
Mainly damaged by chronic (over use)
Severe pull can cause avulsion fracture
Growth plates (physis)(most vulnerable to and when )
Growth plates are widest (most vulnerable) To damages during adolescent (PHV)
Most vulnerable to shear forces and torsion (twisting)
Epiphyseal growth plates: distal femur
Just above knee
By far greatest amount of growth in total leg length occurs at this growth plate
Growing pain = bc its so rapid
Apophyseal growth plate: tibial tuberosity
Inflammations of tibial tuberosity = os good-Schlatters
Apophyseal growth plate: calcanela tuberosity
Inflation = severes diseas
Heel
Injury prevention
Warm up and cool down
Protective equipment
Keeping fit and flexible
-use it or lose it
-especially important during off season
Eating and resting
-proper nutrient
-adequate rest
Subluxation
-when supporting structures (ligaments) are stretched or torn enough
-bony surfaces partially segregate
Most common = fingers
Can be chronic
