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Z. PATH 2 > Outcome 8 Endocrinology > Flashcards

Outcome 8 Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Abnormal growth and stature

A

gigantism

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2
Q

*5 pituitary gland diseases also

A
  1. gigantism
  2. acromegaly
  3. hypopituitarism
  4. dwarfism
  5. diabetes insipidus
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3
Q

Gigantism is caused by the excessive production and secretion of ____ hormones

A

pituitary

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4
Q

*Gigantism occurs when there is a hypersecretion of ____ from the anterior pituitary or adenoma before ____

A

growth hormone; puberty

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5
Q

Child with gigantism experience abnormal growth because the ____ has not begun

A

epiphyseal closure

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6
Q

Gigantism is treated by reducing the amount of ___ secreted

A

growth hormone

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7
Q

How is surgery reducing the amount of growth hormone performed?

A

transsphenoidal approach

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8
Q

Chronic metabolic condition of adults with overgrowth of soft tissue and the bones of face, hands and feet

A

acromegaly

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9
Q

Which 3 bones are commonly affected by acromegaly?

A

bones of face, hands and feet

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10
Q

*Acromegaly is caused by the hypersecretion of ____ from the anterior pituitary or adenoma after ___

A

growth hormone; after puberty

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11
Q

Acromegaly is treated by reducing the amount of ___, ___ approach, and reverse or preventing ____ effects

A

growth hormone; transsphenoidal approach; tumor mass

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12
Q

Condition caused by deficiency or absence of any pituitary hormones

A

hypopituitarism

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13
Q

In hypopituitarism there is a deficiency or absence of hormones especially produced by the ____

A

anterior pituitary

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14
Q

Hypopituitarism produces ____ in children

A

growth retardation

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15
Q

Hypopituitarism can be genital or acquired ad may be caused by ___ tumor or tumor of the ___

A

pituitary; hypothalamus

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16
Q

Hypopituitarism is also caused by damage to the pituitary gland caused by ____, ischemia of ____, tumor, or ____ fracture

A

radiation; gland; basilar skull

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17
Q

*Destruction of entire anterior lobe and none of anterior pituitary hormones are secreted; occurs mostly in women

A

panhypopituitarism

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18
Q

What 3 factors determine the treatment of hypopituitarism?

A
  1. age
  2. severity
  3. underlying cause
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19
Q

Hypopituitarism is also treated with hormone relacement therapy with these 4 hormones

A
  1. thyroxine
  2. cortisone
  3. sex hormones
  4. somatropin (hGH)
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20
Q

Abnormal underdevelopment occuring in children

A

dwarfism

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21
Q

Dwarfism is ____ occurring in children

A

hypopituitarism

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22
Q

Dwarfism can be congenital or can result from ____ after the birth process

A

cranial hemorrhage

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23
Q

Dwarfism is treated by administering ____ until child reaches height of ____ feet

A

somatotropin (hGH); 5 feet

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24
Q

Patients with dwarfism may need replacement of ___, ___, or ___ hormones

A

thyroid; adrenal; sex

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25
Q
  • Disturbance of water metabolism resulting in polyuria and polydipsia
A

diabetes insipidus

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26
Q

Excessive amount of colorless and dilute urine

A

polyuria

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27
Q

Excessive thirst; deficiency in the release of vasopressin

A

polydipsia

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28
Q

Diabetes resulting from renal tubular resistance to action of vasopressin; more common in men

A

nephrogenic diabetes

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29
Q

Diabetes insipidus occurs when the ____ pituitary releases reduced amounts of ____

A

posterior; vasopressin

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30
Q

Diabetes inspidus may be hereditary, a result of insult to the ____ or ____ gland, head trauma, cerebral edema, or intracranial lesion

A

hypothalamus; pituitary

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31
Q

Diabetes insipidus is managed with ____ injections, ____ spray or ____ (DDAVP)

A

vasopressin; nasal; oral desmopressin acetate (DDAVP)

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32
Q

Nephrogenic diabetes is managed with ____

A

thiazide diuretics

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33
Q

Thiazide diuretics block the ability of kidneys to excrete ___ and increases excretion of ___ and ____

A

water; sodium chloride; water

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34
Q

2 types of hyperpituitarism

A
  1. gigantism

2. acromegaly

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35
Q

*5 thyroid gland diseases

A
  1. simple goiter
  2. Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
  3. Hyperthyroidism
  4. Cretinism
  5. Myxedema
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36
Q

Enlargement or hyperplasia of thyroid gland usually with swelling in the neck area; asymptomatic in early stages

A

simple goiter

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37
Q

Simple goiter is also called ____

A

non-toxic goiter

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38
Q

Simple goiter can produce ___ or difficulty breathing

A

dyspnea

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39
Q

Simple goiter is caused by a shortage of ___ in diet

A

iodine

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40
Q

Simple goiter is treated with one drop per week of saturated solution of _____

A

potassium iodide

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41
Q

Unresponsive simple goiter is excised using what surgical procedure

A

subtotal thyroidectomy

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42
Q

Chronic disease of immune system that attacks the thyroid gland

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

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43
Q

Hashimoto’s is also called ___

A

chronic thyroiditis

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44
Q

Hashimoto’s is accompanied by gradual and painless lumpy enlargement of the ____ causing pressure in neck and difficulty swallowing

A

thyroid gland

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45
Q

Hashimoto’s occurs in women __ times more than in men and is most common between ages 45-65

A

8 times

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46
Q

Hashimoto’s has a hereditary pattern and may also be caused by ____

A

autoimmune disorders

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47
Q

Hashimoto’s is treated with a lifelong replacement of _____ hormones; this treatment prevents further growth of goiter

A

thyroid hormones

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48
Q

Condition of primary hyperthyroidism where entire thyroid gland hypertrophies

A

Hyperthyroidism

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49
Q

Hyperthyroidism is also known as ____

A

Graves’ disease

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50
Q

When the thyroid gland hypertrophies in hyperthyroidism, this results in ____ goiter and overproduction of ____ hormones

A

diffuse; thyroid

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51
Q

Sudden exacerbation of hyperthyroidism, also called ___ or ___, can be life-threatening

A

thyrotoxicosis; thyroid storm

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52
Q

Hyperthyroidism is believed to be an ______ response

A

autoimmune

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53
Q

The goal of treating hyperthyroidism is to reduce formation and secretion of ____ hormones

A

thyroid

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54
Q

Hyperthyroidism is treated with ____ drugs, ____ therapy or ____-ectomy

A

anti-thyroid drugs; radioactive iodine therapy; thyroidectomy

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55
Q

____ are given to treat tachycardia and hypertension associated with hyperthyroidism

A

B-Blockers

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56
Q

2 types of hypothyroidism

A
  1. cretinism

2. myxedema

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57
Q

*Congenital hypothyroidism developing in infancy or early childhood where the thyroid gland is absent or thyroid hormone is not synthesized by thyroid gland

A

cretinism

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58
Q

Cretinism is caused by ____ in fetal development

A

error

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59
Q

Cretinism is caused by the congenital absence of ___ required for ___ and ___ synthesis

A

enzymes; T3; T4

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60
Q

Cretinism may also be caused by ____ deficient diets, ___ thyroid deficiency, or taking ____ drugs during pregnancy

A

iodine; maternal; anti-thyroid

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61
Q

Early treatment with thyroid hormone promotes normal physical growth for patients with cretinism, but this may not prevent _____

A

mental retardation

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62
Q

_____ therapy is required throughout the life of a patient with cretinism

A

hormone replacement therapy

63
Q

*Severe acquired hypothyroidism with reduced levels of T4 developing in older child or adult

64
Q

Myxedema usually occurs in females, who experience ____

A

menorrhagia

65
Q

Myxedema is caused by the impairment of the thyroid gland’s ability to synthesize ___

66
Q

Myxedema may also be due to reduced amounts of _____, ____ of thyroid gland, surgical removal of gland without ____ surgery, or a tumor

A

thyrotropin; radiation destruction; T4 replacement surgery

67
Q

Common cause for hypothyroidism in children is _____

A

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

68
Q

The goal of treating myxedema is to achieve normal ____ function with the lowest possible ____

A

thyroid; dose

69
Q

Myxedemia is treated with life-long replacement therapy and administering _____

A

Levothyroxine sodium (T4)

70
Q

2 parathyroid gland diseases

A
  1. hyperparathyroidism

2. hypoparathyroidism

71
Q

Parathyroid hormones increase blood ____ level by stimulating bone ____ and increasing absorption of ____ in digestive tract/kidneys

A

calcium; demineraization; calcium

72
Q

Overproduction of parathyroid hormones (PTH)

A

hyperparathyroidism

73
Q

Increases breakdown of bone, resulting in hypercalcemia

A

hyperparathyroidism

74
Q

Excessive reabsorption of calcium in blood

A

hypercalcemia

75
Q

Hyperparathyroidism is twice as common in women and incidence rises sharply after age ___

76
Q

Hyperparathyroidism is caused by overactivity of one or more of the four ____ glands

A

parathyroid

77
Q

Overactivity of the parathyroid glands is usually a result of an excessive growth, or ____, or an ____ of the gland

A

adenoma; idiopathic hyperplasia

78
Q

Hyperparathyroidism is also caused by an increased secretion of PTH induced by low level of ____ of ____

A

serum calcium; vitamin D

79
Q

If hyperparathyroidisim is caused by an adenoma, the tumor is removed by ____ surgery

A

minimally invasive

80
Q

*If hyperparathyroidism is caused by hyperplasia, ___ of 4 glands are usually removed

81
Q

When hyperparathyroidism is secondary, the underlying cause is treated and ____ levels reduced

A

blood serum calcium

82
Q

Secretion of parathyroid hormone by parathyroid glands is greatly reduced

A

hypoparathyroidism

83
Q

In hypoparathyroidism, circulating ____ is reduced, resulting in hypocalcemia

84
Q

In hypoparathyroidism, there are decreased deposits of ____ in tissue

85
Q

Surgical reimplantation of ____ following ____ can help with postop hypoparathyroidism

A

parathyroid; thyroidectomy

86
Q

The most common cause of hypoparathyroidism is surgical destruction of _____

A

parathyroid glands

87
Q

Hypoparathyroidism may also be caused by raised ____ levels which by ____ causes decreased ____

A

blood calcium; negative feedback; PTH output

88
Q

Acquired hypoparathyroidism results from these 5 things

A
  1. injury
  2. ischemia
  3. radiation
  4. neoplasia
  5. various disease process
89
Q

Presence of ____ is a sure indication of hypocalcemia

A

Trousseau’s phenomenon

90
Q

*Trousseau’s phenomenon

91
Q

Hypoparathyroidism is treated with ____ replacement therapy with Vitamin ___ to reduce hypocalcemia

A

calcium; D

92
Q

In case of life threatening deficiency or tetany, hypoparathyroidism is treated with ____ administered ___ and followed by a ____ diet

A

calcium gluconate; intravenously; high-calcium diet

93
Q

2 adrenal gland diseases

A
  1. Cushing’s syndrome

2. Addison’s disease

94
Q

Condition of chronic hypersecretion of the adrenal cortex, resulting in excessive circulating cortisol levels

A

Cushing’s syndrome

95
Q

4 key characteristics of Cushing’s Syndrome

A
  1. moon face
  2. buffalo hump
  3. gross obesity of trunk
  4. specific patterns of fat deposits
96
Q

Cushing’s syndrome is caused by ____ of the ____ gland

A

hyperplasia; adrenal

97
Q

Cushing’s is also caused by excessive secretion of ____ from pituitary

A

corticotropin (ACTH)

98
Q

Cushing’s can also be caused by tumor of ____, production of _____ in another organ like cancer cells in lungs, and iatrogenic conditions (such as prolonged administration of large doses of _____)

A

adrenal cortex; corticotropin; glucocorticoids

99
Q

Cushing’s is treated with drug therapy to suppress ____ secretion, radiation or _____ when tumor is the cause

A

ACTH secretion; surgical removal

100
Q

Partial or complete failure of adrenocortical function

A

Addison’s disease

101
Q

Addison’s disease is also called ____ or ____

A

adrenal insufficiency; hypoadrenalism

102
Q

The key physical characteristic of Addison’s disease

A

bronze skin colour

103
Q

Addison’s is usually a gradual, progressive ____ of adrenal gland and reduction of important hormones

A

destruction

104
Q

Destruction can result from the ____ process, tuberculosis, hemorrhage, fungal infections, neoplasms, or surgical resection of a gland

A

autoimmune

105
Q

Addison’s is secondary to ____

A

hypopituitarism

106
Q

Addison’s is treated by replacing natural hormones with ____ and ____ drugs

A

glucocorticoid; mineralocorticoid

107
Q

Insuffiency or sudden decrease in adrenocortical hormone levels

A

Addisonian Crisis

108
Q

Addisonian Crisis is a life-threatening emergency that can lead to ___, ___, and ___

A

shock, seizures, coma

109
Q

*Chronic disorder of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism caused by inadequate production of insulin by pancreas of faulty use of insulin by cells

A

diabetes mellitus

110
Q

How many types of diabetes mellitus?

111
Q

Both forms of diabetes in most causes cause is unknown, but seems to be linked _____

A

genetically

112
Q

Diabetes mellitus is an endocrine ____ of the ____

A

dysfunction; pancreas

113
Q

Early, abrupt onset usually before age 30 with little or no insulin being secreted

114
Q

DM I is formerly known as ___ or ___

A

juvenile-onset diabetes; insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM)

115
Q

DM I: infection early in life may trigger _____ that produces antibodies, destroying ____ in pancreas

A

autoimmune process; B cells

116
Q

DM I is also caused by insufficient ____ producing cells

117
Q

DM I is treated with _____ replacement therapy with calculated ____ on a regular schedule

A

insulin; caloric intake

118
Q

4 methods of insulin delivery

A
  1. injection
  2. insulin pump therapy
  3. insulin inhalers
  4. insulin pens
119
Q

Most common form of DM; gradual onset in adults

120
Q

DM II occurs in adults over __ and more often people over __

121
Q

DM II is formerly known as ___ or ___

A

adult-onset diabetes; non-insulin dependent DM (NIDDM)

122
Q

In DM II, some ____ remain, permitting control of symptoms by dietary management

A

pancreatic functions

123
Q

DM is caused by destruction of the ____, trauma to the ___ or other ____ disorders

A

pancreas; pituitary gland; endocrine disorders

124
Q

4 other causes of DM II

A
  1. obesity
  2. tumor
  3. drugs
  4. familial patterns
125
Q

DM II is managed through dietary management, exercise, and ___ medications

A

oral hypogylcemic

126
Q

In DM II, ___ may be required if other treatments don’t adequately control it

127
Q

DM II doesn’t usually require ____ injections to control ____ levels

A

insulin; glucose

128
Q

2 endocrine dysfunctions of the pancreas

A
  1. DM

2. hypoglycemia

129
Q

Abnormally low glucose level in blood

A

hypoglycemia

130
Q

Hypoglycemia occurs when insulin enters ____ or when ____ falls below tissue demands

A

bloodstream; glucose release rate

131
Q

Hypoglycemia can be classified under what 2 types?

A
  1. drug-induced

2. non-drug induced

132
Q

What is the most common type of hypogylcemia, also known as reactive hypoglycemia?

A

Drug induced

133
Q

Drug induced hypoglycemia is caused by ____ in a diabetic subject

A

insulin overdose

134
Q

Drug induced hypoglycemia may also be triggered by significantly elevated ____ levels

A

blood alcohol

135
Q

5 causes of non drug-induced hypoglycemia

A
  1. fasting
  2. delayed secretion of insulin by pancreas
  3. excessive secretion of insulin by pancreas
  4. gastrointestinal disorders
  5. hereditary or endocrine disorders
136
Q

The priority of treating hypoglycemia is restoring a normal ____ level through IV infusion of ____

137
Q

The hormone ___ may also be given to counteract insulin in hypoglycemia

138
Q

2 types of precocious puberty

A
  1. in boys

2. in girls

139
Q

Onset of puberty in boys before age ___; normal puberty begins between 13-15 years

140
Q

Early development of secondary sex characteristics, gonadal development, spermatogenesis, growth of pubic and facial hair, and sebaceous gland activity increases

A

precocious puberty in boys

141
Q

Precocious puberty in boys may be genetic, but can be traced to ___ dysfunctions that secrete excessive ____ hormones

A

pituitary; gonadotropic

142
Q

Precocious puberty in boys may also be induced by ____ tumors or other ____ disorders

A

testicular tumors; endocrine disorders

143
Q

Precocious puberty in boys may also be caused by neoplasm in ____ gland or the ____

A

pituitary; hypothalamus

144
Q

T or F. When p. puberty in boys is idiopathic, no specific treatment is required

145
Q

P. puberty in boys is treated with hormones to suppress _____ until appropriate time

A

sexual maturation

146
Q

When associated with tumors, p. puberty in boys is treated _____

A

invasively

147
Q

Onset of puberty before age ___ in girls with increased growth rate, breast enlargement, growth of pubic and underarm hair

148
Q

Girls with p. puberty have menarche before age __

149
Q

T or F. P. puberty in girls is mostly idiopathic without associated abnormalities

150
Q

P. puberty in girls may be caused by meningitis, ____ tumors, ingestion of ____

A

intracranial; oral contraceptives

151
Q

P. puberty in girls is treated with _____ and may require ____ for emotional problems

A

hormone therapy; emotional

152
Q

Levels of circulating calcium in blood ____ in hypoparathyroidism

153
Q

Treatment for life-threatening cases of hypoparathyroidism

A

IV calcium gluconate

154
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome esults in excessive circulating levels of _____

Z. PATH 2 (17 decks)

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