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Z. PATH 2 > Outcome 3 Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Outcome 3 Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

Refractive error, also called farsightedness, where distant objects are clear while near objects are blurry

A

hyperopia

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2
Q

In hyperopia, light entering the eye is focused ____ the retina rather than ____ the retina

A

light focused behind the retina rather than on the retina

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3
Q

In hyperopia, the eyeball is abnormally ___ measured from front to back

A

short

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4
Q

Hyperopia requires the eye’s _____ to reposition the viewed object on the retina, therefore sharpening the image

A

internal lens

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5
Q

Refractive error also called nearsightedness where

A

near objects are clear while distant objects are blurry

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6
Q

In myopia, light entering the eye is focused ___ of the retina causing blurred vision

A

light is focused in front of the retina

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7
Q

In myopia, the eyeball is abnormally ___ as measured from front to back

A

long

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8
Q

In myopia, images viewed cannot be ____ by the eye’s internal lens

A

sharpened

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9
Q

Refractive error which causes some images to appear clear while other images appear blurred

A

astigmatism

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10
Q

In astigmatism, ___ focusing of light rays enter the eey

A

irregular

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11
Q

In astigmatism, the cornea is ___ and not ___, causing light rays to be unevenly focused across the retina

A

egg shaped and not spherical

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12
Q

Refractive error in which the eye’s internal lens can’t focus on near objects due to loss of _____

A

elasticity

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13
Q

Presbyopia is related to ____; usually starts in people in their mid-40s

A

aging

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14
Q

Involuntary, repetitive and rhythmic movements of one or both eyes and associated with blurred or decreased vision

A

nystagmus

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15
Q

Type of nystagmus that always necessitates a complete neurologic evaluation

A

acquired nystagmus

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16
Q

What are the 2 types of nystagmus?

A
  1. congenital

2. acquired

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17
Q

Type of nystagmus that manifests before 6 months to 1 year of age and is the most common type

A

congenital

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18
Q

Type of nystagmus that results when a disease process produces lesions in the brain or inner ear

A

acquired

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19
Q

List some causes for nystagmus

A
  1. brain tumors
  2. cerebrovascular lesions
  3. abnormal development of the nervous system
  4. alcohol/drug use
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20
Q

How is congenital nystagmus treated?

A

Kestenbaum procedure

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21
Q

The Kestenbaum procedure is used to treat congenital nystagmus where the eyes are surgically rotated towards the _____ of the eye

A

null point

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22
Q

How is acquire nystagmus treated?

A

treating underlying cause

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23
Q

Visual defect of misalignment where eyes fail to look in the same direction at the same time

A

strabismus

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24
Q

What are the 2 types of strabismus?

A
  1. convergent strabismus or esotropia

2. divergent strabismus or exotropia

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25
Q

Type of strabismus better known as cross-eye where both eyes turn inward

A

convergent/esotropia

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26
Q

Type of strabismus better known as wall-eye where both eyes turn outward

A

divergent/exotropia

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27
Q

What is the main symptom of acquired strabismus?

A

diplopia or double vision

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28
Q

What disorder is associated with strabismus when present in childhood?

A

amblyopia or lazy eye

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29
Q

Strabismus is caused by weakness in the ____ stimulating the muscles that control eye position

A

nerves

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30
Q

Strabismus can also be caused by conditions elsewhere in the body in the ___, ___ or ___

A

brain, cranial nerves, muscles. Ex: HTN, temporal arteritis, muscular dystrophy, aneurysm, intracranial lesions

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31
Q

Strabismus should be treated immediately because early intervention is key. Examples of treatment are corrective glasses, surgery to restore the eye-muscle balance, and covering the ___ eye in order to force the patient to use the ___ eye

A

fixing eye, deviating eye

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32
Q

Acute, focal inflammatory infections of the sebaceous glands of the eyelids

A

hordeolum or stye

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33
Q

Which glands of the eyelids are affected by hordeolum

A

sebaceous glands

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34
Q

Hordeolum are associated with and secondary to _____

A

blepharitis

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35
Q

What is the only cause of hordeolum?

A

staphylococcal infection

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36
Q

Small, firm, non-mobile, painless subcutaneous nodule on the margin or body of the eyelid

A

chalazion

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37
Q

In chalazion there is a blockage of fluid originating from one of the ____ glands which lubricate the eyelid margin

A

meibomian

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38
Q

Any inflammation or infection of the cornea

A

keratitis

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39
Q

Keratitis is diagnosed by examining the cornea using a _____

A

slit lamp

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40
Q

Keratitis is an infection resulting from the ___ virus, especially likely in people w/ URI and facial cold sores

A

herpes simplex virus

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41
Q

What are other causes for keratitis

A
  1. certain bacteria/fungi
  2. contact lens wear
  3. corneal trauma
  4. corneal exposure to dry air or intense light
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42
Q

In keratitis, prompt treatment decreases the risk of ulceration which can cause what?

A

Ulceration can erode the cornea and form of scar tissue

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43
Q

Inflammation of the margins of the eyelids involving hair follicles/glands

A

blepharitis

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44
Q

Blepharitis is usually secondary to ___ of the eyelid’s sebaceous glands

A

seborrhea

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45
Q

What is the main symptom of blepharitis?

A

redness, crusting eyelid, itching, burning

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46
Q

What are two types of blepharitis?

A
  1. ulcerative

2. non-ulcerative

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47
Q

Type of blepharitis caused by staphylocococcal infection

A

ulcerative

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48
Q

Type of blepharitis caused by allergies or exposure to smoke, dust, chemicals

A

non-ulcerative

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49
Q

Chronic blepharitis may lead to ___ and ___

A

corneal and conjunctival inflammation

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50
Q

Lower eyelid margins turn inward

A

entropion

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51
Q

Entropion may cause ___ and ___ defects

A

conjunctivitis and ephithelial defects

52
Q

Entropion causes the lashes to rub the ___ and ___

A

conjunctiva and cornea

53
Q

How is entropion treated?

A

minor surgical procedure

54
Q

Lower eyelid margins evert from the eyeball

55
Q

Ectropion exposes the ____ lining

A

conjunctival membrane lining

56
Q

Type of ectropion that can be caused by scars on the eyelid or cheek that contract and pull the eye down

A

cicatricial ectropion

57
Q

Ectropion left untreated can cause development of ___ and permanent damage to the ___

A

corneal ulcers, damage to the cornea

58
Q

What causes both ectropion and entropion?

A
  1. aging

2. loss of elasticity

59
Q

Permanent drooping of the upper eyelid which partially or completely covers the eye

A

blepharoptosis

60
Q

Blepharoptosis can be caused by weakness of the _____ nerve or of the muscle that raises the eyelid

A

third cranial nerve

61
Q

Diseases like ___ and ___ can cause blepharoptosis

A

muscular dystrophy and myasthenia gravis

62
Q

Blepharoptosis is treated with an operation to elevate the eyelid ___

63
Q

If patient with blepharoptosis has myasthenia gravis, they are treated with ____

A

systemic medication

64
Q

Inflammation of the conjunctiva

A

conjunctivitis

65
Q

What is the layman’s term for conjunctivitis

66
Q

The mucous membrane covering the anterior portion of the eyeball and lines the eyelids

A

conjunctiva

67
Q

What is present in infectious conjunctivitis?

A

watery or hyperpurulent discharge

68
Q

What are 3 causes of pink eye?

A
  1. viral or bacterial infection from contaminated fingers/towels
  2. irritation from allergies or chemicals
  3. sexual contact with someone with an STI
69
Q

Infection of the cornea with painful loss of surface epithelium

A

corneal abrasion or ulcer

70
Q

Abrasions and ulcerations stain with _____, which make them easily detectable

A

fluorescein

71
Q

Characterized by an opaque area on the cornea that represents the infiltrate of immune cells

A

corneal ulcers

72
Q

What causes corneal abrasions and ulcers?

A
  1. foreign bodies trapped between cornea and eyelid
  2. ocular trauma
  3. poorly fitting contact lenses
73
Q

How are corneal abrasions treated?

A

They heal spontaneously

74
Q

How are corneal ulcers treated?

A

immediate intensive broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy

75
Q

Inflammation of the episclera characterized by redness and irritation in ONE portion of the eye

A

episcleritis

76
Q

T or F. Episcleritis is usually associated with other concomitant systemic diseases

77
Q

Inflammation of the deeper sclera (white outermost covering of the eyeball) characterized by intense redness in one or more areas of the sclera

78
Q

What causes scleritis?

A

autoimmune disorders:

rheumatoid arthritis, Crohns, ulcerative colitis

79
Q

What happens if scleritis is left untreated?

A

Perforation of the globe and loss of the eye can occur

80
Q

How is scleritis treated?

A

scleroplasty

81
Q

Opacified natural lens of the eye

82
Q

What causes cataracts?

A
  1. aging
  2. prematurity
  3. diabetes
  4. high dose corticosteroid use
83
Q

How are cataracts treated?

A

Depends on many factors but usually surgery when they begin to interfere with the lifestyle of the patient

84
Q

What are the specific surgical procedures to treat cataracts?

A
  1. phacoemulsification (most common: no sutures)

2. extracapsular surgery (removed in one piece)

85
Q

In extracapsular surgery and phacoemulsification, the ____ is left in place to support an artificial lens

A

posterior capsule

86
Q

Posterior membrane becomes cloudy after surgery; a laser can be used to make an opening in the center of the cloudy membrane. What is this procedure called?

A

YAG capsulotomy

87
Q

Damage to the optic nerve in the presence of elevated ocular pressure

88
Q

Glaucoma is one of the major causes of ____

89
Q

What are the 2 types of glaucoma

A
  1. Chronic open-angle

2. Acute angle-closure

90
Q

Most common and most treatable form of glaucoma; obstruction occurs in the trabecular meshwork

A

chronic open angle

91
Q

Type of glaucoma that can cause complete blindness; the trabecular meshwork is covered by the root of the iris or adhesions between
the iris and the cornea

A

acute angle-closure

92
Q

What are the 3 risk factors for glaucoma?

A
  1. age older than 60
  2. nearsightedness
  3. african-american descent
93
Q

How is glaucoma detected?

A
  1. intraocular pressure readings

2. optic nerve evaluations

94
Q

List some causes of glaucoma.

A
  1. ocular trauma
  2. overuse of tropical steroids
  3. family history
  4. aging
  5. diabetes mellitus
    obesity
95
Q

Medication is given to glaucoma patient to decrease ____ and increased ____

A

Decrease aqueous humor and increased uveoscleral outflow

96
Q

What are the 5 procedures used to treat glaucoma?

A
  1. argon laser trabeculopasty (ALT)
  2. selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT)
  3. laser iridotomy
  4. trabeculectomy
  5. beta blockers
97
Q

Progressive deterioration or breakdown of the macula

A

macular degeneration

98
Q

In macular degeneration, ___ vision may disappear altogether when advance

99
Q

Macular degeneration does not affect ___ vision

A

peripheral

100
Q

____ macular degeneration is the most common cause of blindness in white people in the US

A

age-related

101
Q

What are 2 types of macular degeneration?

A
  1. non-exudative (dry)

2. wet

102
Q

Type of MD where there are atrophic changes in the macula and drusen deposits are present

A

non-exudative or dry macular degeneration

103
Q

Type of MD where there is presence of abnormal blood vessels beneath the retina; can cause hemorrhage

104
Q

What causes macular degeneration?

A

degenerative changes in the pigment of the epithelium

105
Q

T or F. There is no medical cure for MD

106
Q

How is dry macular degeneration treated?

A

vitamin supplements especially vitamins C & E

107
Q

How is wet macular degeneration treated?

A
  1. traditional laser photocoagulation
  2. photodynamic therapy
  3. injection of antiangiogenic factors
108
Q

Pathologic alterations of the retinal blood vessels and the pathologic proliferation of retinal vessels

A

diabetic retinopathy

109
Q

What are the effects on retina associated with dr?

A
  1. microaneurysm
  2. hemorrhages
  3. dilation of retinal veins
  4. neovascularization (formation of abnormal new vessels)
110
Q

Diabetic retinopathy occurs about __ to __ years after the onset of diabetes mellitus

A

8 to 10 years

111
Q

What is the main cause of diabetic retinopathy?

A

Poor management of diabetes (however, all persons with diabetes are susceptible)

112
Q

What are the 3 treatments for diabetic retinopathy?

A
  1. laser coagulation
  2. vitrectomy (vitreous hemorrhage/proliferative disease)
  3. maintaining tight blood glucose control
113
Q

Retinal detachment is the elevation or separation of the retina from the ___

114
Q

What are the 2 main symptoms of retinal detachment?

A
  1. light flashes

2. floaters

115
Q

Retina is associated with which 2 diseases?

A
  1. myopia

2. diabetic retinopathy

116
Q

What causes retinal detachment?

A

fluid leaking under the retina through a retinal tear, retinal atrophy, ocular trauma

117
Q

T or F> Irreversible blindness is likely if left untreated in patients with retinal detachment

118
Q

How is retinal detachment treated?

A
  1. photocoagulation and cryotherapy if no significant detachment has occurred
  2. surgery
119
Q

Inflammation of the uveal tract including the iris, ciliary body and choroid

120
Q

Which autoimmune disorders cause uveitis?

A
  1. juvenile rheumatoid arthritis

2. ankylosing spondylitis

121
Q

Which infections cause uveitis

A

syphillis, TB, toxoplasmosis, histoplasmosis, IBS

122
Q

___ agents can reduce uveitis pain associated with ciliary inflammation

A

cycloplegic agents

123
Q

Abnormal protrusion of the eyeballs

A

exophthalmos

124
Q

What are 5 causes of exophthalmos?

A
  1. ENLARGED extraocular muscles
  2. RETROBULBAR mass, hemorrhage or inflammation
  3. EDEMA of soft tissue that lines the bony orbit of the eye
  4. all THYROID conditions
125
Q

How is severe exophthalmos treated?

A

surgical decompression of the orbit

Z. PATH 2 (17 decks)

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