Outcome 15 Disorders of the Female Reproductive System Flashcards
female infertility can occur due to ____ or other infection of the reproductive organs
STI
female infertility can also occur due to ___ or failure to ovulate
ovulatory dysfunction
female infertility can also occur due to blocked ____
fallopian tubes
female infertility can also occur due to congenital ____ or ___ disorders
structural or chromosomal
female infertility can also occur due to ____ from infection, ectopic pregnancy or surgery
scar tissue
disorder that can cause female infertility
endometriosis
female infertility can also occur due to ____ in vaginal secretions
antisperm antibodies
female infertility can also occur due to ___ distress
psychological
treatment for female infertility: ____ of menstrual cycle to establish ovulatory function
charting
diagnostic procedure for female infertility: blood tests to assess ____ levels
hormone
3 surgical procedures for female infertility
- hysterosalpingography
- laparoscopy
- surgery to remove blockages
family of drugs to treat female infertility
fertility drugs
2 other treatments for female infertility
- IUI
2. IVF
premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is caused by fluctuating levels of ___ and ____ and their resultant impact on ____
estrogen; progesterone; neurotransmitter
in premenstrual syndrome (PMS), oral contraceptives may provide some relief if they have ___ and ___
estrogen; drospirenone
diagnosis when PMS becomes severe and fits certain psychological criteria
premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
amenorrhea where there is no menses by the age of 16
primary amenorrhea
3 causes of primary amenorrhea
- late onset of puberty
- abnormality of the reproductive systems
- hormonal imbalances
amenorrhea where there is no menses after a woman has been having menstrual cycles
secondary amenorrhea
secondary amenorrhea is mainly ____ related, but must rule out other causes
hormone
amenorrhea with failure to resume menses within 3 months of discontinuation of OCPs
“postpill” amenorrhea
2 types of dysmenorrhea
- primary
2. secondary
onset of dysmenorrhea with the initiation of menses
primary dysmenorrhea
primary dysmenorrhea is thought to be due to the underlying ____ of the uterus and how it reacts to ____ produced in the menstrual cycle
muscular structure; chemicals
dysmenorrhea that occurs after years of normal, non-painful menses
secondary dysmenorrhea
2 causes of secondary dysmenorrhea
- underlying disorder
2. disease condition
3 disease conditions that may cause secondary dysmenorrhea
- fibroids
- PID
- endometriosis
2 main types of ovarian cysts
- physiologic cysts
2. neoplastic cysts
2 causes of physiologic cysts
- ovarian follicle growth
2. more common: corpus luteum that persists too long
ovarian cysts that are benign or malignant neoplasms
neoplastic cysts
2 surgical treatment options for ovarian cysts
- laparoscopic drainage or removal
2. more extensive surgery for malignant cysts
extrauterine endometrial tissue; most commonly in the pelvis
endometriosis
the most likely cause of endometriosis
retrograde menstruation
initial infection in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is usually a ____ and then becomes multibacterial
STI
can result in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) if early treatment is not done
adhesion formation
2 end results in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) if adhesions form in and around the fallopian tubes
- infertility
2. increased risk of ectopic pregnancy
are uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) malignant or benign
benign
t or f. the cause of uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) is unknown
t
treatment options for uterine leiomyomas (fibroids)
- myomectomy (surgical removal of the tumor)
- uterine artery embolization (UAE)
- endometrial ablation
4 hysterectomy
2 infectious causes of TSS
- staphylococcus aureus
2. streptococcal toxic-like syndrome
in toxic shock syndrome (TSS), toxins produced by the bacteria actually causing the disease
streptococcal toxic-like syndrome
toxic shock syndrome (TSS) can occur due to an increase in ____ on ____ tampons
staphylococcal colonization; super absorbent
medication given to treat toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
IV vancomycin
average age of menopause occurrence
50-51
menopause is considered premature when occurring before ___ years of age
40
condition where women who are still menstruating but have the symptoms of menopause
perimenopause
menopause following ovary removal, or that caused by chemotherapy and/or radiation treatment for certain cancers
surgical menopause
hormone treatment for menopause symptoms are considered controversial because it raises the risk of developing ____
certain cancers
hormone treatment may be considered for ____ use during the period when ____ are the worst
short-term; symptoms
most common cause of vaginitis is ____
fungal infection
protozoa that can cause vaginitis
trichomonas
atrophic vaginitis occurs due to absence of ____ in postmenopausal women
estrogen
uterus is completely outside of the vagina
complete procidentia
uterine prolapse occurs due to the ___ becoming extremely overstretched or weakened from trauma due to childbirth, aging, or genetic factors
normal support of the uterus
the use of this therapeutic device that may help with symptoms of uterine prolapse
pessary
the only way to permanently correct uterine prolapse
hysterectomy
surgical treatment for young women with uterine prolapse hoping to preserve fertility
hysteropexy
displacement and protrusion of the urinary bladder into the anterior wall
cystocele
protrusion of the rectum into the posterior wall of the vagina
rectocele
2 main symptoms of cervical cancer
- vaginal discharge
2. bleeding
vaginal discharge present in cervical cancer can be these 3 things
- watery
- bloody
- purulent
bleeding present in cervical cancer can occur during these 3 periods
- between periods
- after intercourse
- after menopause
most common sign of cervical cancer
abnormal Pap smear result
most significant risk factor for cervical cancer
oncogenic types of HPV
premalignant lesions to cervical cancer
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
4 treatment options for cervical cancer
- LEEP
- laser therapy
- cryoabolation
- radical hysterectomy and chemotherapy
4 risk factors for ovarian cancer
- patient Hx of breast cancer
- family Hx of breast and ovarian cancers
- BRCA 1 & BRCA 2 mutations
- HNPCC
4 risk factors for endometrial cancer
- age: postmenopausal women
- HNPCC
- type 2 diabetes (could be a direct cause)
- HTN
there is one type of endometrial cancer that is related to cumulative exposure to ____
excess estrogen
fibrocystic breast condition is also known as ____
fibrocystic breast disease
fibrocystic breast condition generally occurs between these ages
30-50 years old
fibrocystic breast condition occurs due to ___
unknown
mastitis that is often caused by strep or staphy infection that is almost always associated with breasfeeding
acute puerperal mastitis
is fibroadenoma of the breast benign or malignant?
benign tumor of the breast
cause of fibroadenoma of the breast is unknown, but tomors are ____, growing in size during menstruation or during pregnancy
hormonally responsive
area of the breast where cancer usually arises
terminal ductal lobular unit (TDLU)
the terminal ductal lobular unit (TDLU) is the ____ unit of breast tissue
functional
5 physical signs and symptoms of breast cancer
- lump
- swelling
- tenderness of the breast
- irritation or dimpling of the skin (peau d’orange)
- pain, ulceration, or retraction of the nipple
2 greatest risk factors for breast cancer
- increased age
2. female gender
3 other risk factors for breast cancer
- hormonal
- reproductive
- genetic factors
the precursor lesion to breast cancer
ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)
3 specific characteristics of breast cancer to inform prognosis and treatment needs
- estrogen receptor positive/negative
- progesterone receptor positive/negative
- HER2 positive/negative
6 treatment options for breast cancer
- lumpectomy
- mastectomy (partial, total or radical)
- removal of some axillary lymph nodes
- hormone therapy depending on the estrogen/progesterone receptor status
- herceptin for HER2 positive tumors
- chemotherapy
disease of the breast that is a malignant lesion in the nipple of the breast
paget’s disease
constellation of physical and emotional symptoms that may appear shortly after ovulation and subside with onset of menstruation or shortly thereafter
premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
absence of menstrual periods, whether temporary or permanent
amenorrhea
common gynecologic disorder; pain and cramping associated with menstruation affecting about 50% of post-pubertal women
dysmenorrhea
fluid filled, semisolid or solid masses that originate on or within the ovary
ovarian cysts
chronic condition characterized by extrauterine endometrial tissue
endometriosis
infection of a woman’s pelvis
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
3 areas involved in PID
1, tubes
- ovaries
- surrounding tissue
noncancerous tumors of the smooth muscle within the uterus
uterine leiomyoma (fibroids)
inflammation and/or infection of the vaginal tissues
vaginitis
acute, systemic infection
toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
cessation of menstrual periods for 1 year with evidence of ovarian failure
menopause (climacteric)
downward displacement of the uterus from its normal location in the pelvis
uterine prolapse
most cervical cancers are ___ that arise in the transitional zone between the different epithelial types of the uterus corpus and vagina
squamous cell carcinomas
primary ovarian tumors usually derive from epithelial cells
ovarian cancer
involves lining of the uterus, which undergoes cyclic changes as a result of hormonal stimulation
endometrial cancer
common, benign breast disorder related to normal hormonal variation
fibrocystic breast condition/disease
inflammation of one or more mammary glands of the breast
mastitis
in fibroadenoma, there is a mass in the breast with these 4 criteria
- firm
- round
- encapsulated
- movable
usually arises from the TDLU which is very hormonally responsive
cancer of breast
earliest sign of breast cancer
abnormality on a mammogram
breast cancer in advanced stages: nodule becomes ___ and ___ develop
fixed to the chest wall; axillary masses and ulceration
characteristic breast lesion that signifies presence of malignant adenocarcinoma cells
paget’s disease of the breast
