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Z. PATH 2 > Outcome 15 Disorders of the Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Outcome 15 Disorders of the Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

female infertility can occur due to ____ or other infection of the reproductive organs

A

STI

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2
Q

female infertility can also occur due to ___ or failure to ovulate

A

ovulatory dysfunction

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3
Q

female infertility can also occur due to blocked ____

A

fallopian tubes

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4
Q

female infertility can also occur due to congenital ____ or ___ disorders

A

structural or chromosomal

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5
Q

female infertility can also occur due to ____ from infection, ectopic pregnancy or surgery

A

scar tissue

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6
Q

disorder that can cause female infertility

A

endometriosis

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7
Q

female infertility can also occur due to ____ in vaginal secretions

A

antisperm antibodies

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8
Q

female infertility can also occur due to ___ distress

A

psychological

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9
Q

treatment for female infertility: ____ of menstrual cycle to establish ovulatory function

A

charting

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10
Q

diagnostic procedure for female infertility: blood tests to assess ____ levels

A

hormone

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11
Q

3 surgical procedures for female infertility

A
  1. hysterosalpingography
  2. laparoscopy
  3. surgery to remove blockages
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12
Q

family of drugs to treat female infertility

A

fertility drugs

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13
Q

2 other treatments for female infertility

A
  1. IUI

2. IVF

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14
Q

premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is caused by fluctuating levels of ___ and ____ and their resultant impact on ____

A

estrogen; progesterone; neurotransmitter

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15
Q

in premenstrual syndrome (PMS), oral contraceptives may provide some relief if they have ___ and ___

A

estrogen; drospirenone

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16
Q

diagnosis when PMS becomes severe and fits certain psychological criteria

A

premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)

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17
Q

amenorrhea where there is no menses by the age of 16

A

primary amenorrhea

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18
Q

3 causes of primary amenorrhea

A
  1. late onset of puberty
  2. abnormality of the reproductive systems
  3. hormonal imbalances
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19
Q

amenorrhea where there is no menses after a woman has been having menstrual cycles

A

secondary amenorrhea

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20
Q

secondary amenorrhea is mainly ____ related, but must rule out other causes

A

hormone

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21
Q

amenorrhea with failure to resume menses within 3 months of discontinuation of OCPs

A

“postpill” amenorrhea

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22
Q

2 types of dysmenorrhea

A
  1. primary

2. secondary

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23
Q

onset of dysmenorrhea with the initiation of menses

A

primary dysmenorrhea

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24
Q

primary dysmenorrhea is thought to be due to the underlying ____ of the uterus and how it reacts to ____ produced in the menstrual cycle

A

muscular structure; chemicals

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25
Q

dysmenorrhea that occurs after years of normal, non-painful menses

A

secondary dysmenorrhea

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26
Q

2 causes of secondary dysmenorrhea

A
  1. underlying disorder

2. disease condition

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27
Q

3 disease conditions that may cause secondary dysmenorrhea

A
  1. fibroids
  2. PID
  3. endometriosis
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28
Q

2 main types of ovarian cysts

A
  1. physiologic cysts

2. neoplastic cysts

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29
Q

2 causes of physiologic cysts

A
  1. ovarian follicle growth

2. more common: corpus luteum that persists too long

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30
Q

ovarian cysts that are benign or malignant neoplasms

A

neoplastic cysts

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31
Q

2 surgical treatment options for ovarian cysts

A
  1. laparoscopic drainage or removal

2. more extensive surgery for malignant cysts

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32
Q

extrauterine endometrial tissue; most commonly in the pelvis

A

endometriosis

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33
Q

the most likely cause of endometriosis

A

retrograde menstruation

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34
Q

initial infection in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is usually a ____ and then becomes multibacterial

A

STI

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35
Q

can result in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) if early treatment is not done

A

adhesion formation

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36
Q

2 end results in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) if adhesions form in and around the fallopian tubes

A
  1. infertility

2. increased risk of ectopic pregnancy

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37
Q

are uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) malignant or benign

A

benign

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38
Q

t or f. the cause of uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) is unknown

A

t

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39
Q

treatment options for uterine leiomyomas (fibroids)

A
  1. myomectomy (surgical removal of the tumor)
  2. uterine artery embolization (UAE)
  3. endometrial ablation
    4 hysterectomy
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40
Q

2 infectious causes of TSS

A
  1. staphylococcus aureus

2. streptococcal toxic-like syndrome

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41
Q

in toxic shock syndrome (TSS), toxins produced by the bacteria actually causing the disease

A

streptococcal toxic-like syndrome

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42
Q

toxic shock syndrome (TSS) can occur due to an increase in ____ on ____ tampons

A

staphylococcal colonization; super absorbent

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43
Q

medication given to treat toxic shock syndrome (TSS)

A

IV vancomycin

44
Q

average age of menopause occurrence

A

50-51

45
Q

menopause is considered premature when occurring before ___ years of age

A

40

46
Q

condition where women who are still menstruating but have the symptoms of menopause

A

perimenopause

47
Q

menopause following ovary removal, or that caused by chemotherapy and/or radiation treatment for certain cancers

A

surgical menopause

48
Q

hormone treatment for menopause symptoms are considered controversial because it raises the risk of developing ____

A

certain cancers

49
Q

hormone treatment may be considered for ____ use during the period when ____ are the worst

A

short-term; symptoms

50
Q

most common cause of vaginitis is ____

A

fungal infection

51
Q

protozoa that can cause vaginitis

A

trichomonas

52
Q

atrophic vaginitis occurs due to absence of ____ in postmenopausal women

A

estrogen

53
Q

uterus is completely outside of the vagina

A

complete procidentia

54
Q

uterine prolapse occurs due to the ___ becoming extremely overstretched or weakened from trauma due to childbirth, aging, or genetic factors

A

normal support of the uterus

55
Q

the use of this therapeutic device that may help with symptoms of uterine prolapse

A

pessary

56
Q

the only way to permanently correct uterine prolapse

A

hysterectomy

57
Q

surgical treatment for young women with uterine prolapse hoping to preserve fertility

A

hysteropexy

58
Q

displacement and protrusion of the urinary bladder into the anterior wall

A

cystocele

59
Q

protrusion of the rectum into the posterior wall of the vagina

A

rectocele

60
Q

2 main symptoms of cervical cancer

A
  1. vaginal discharge

2. bleeding

61
Q

vaginal discharge present in cervical cancer can be these 3 things

A
  1. watery
  2. bloody
  3. purulent
62
Q

bleeding present in cervical cancer can occur during these 3 periods

A
  1. between periods
  2. after intercourse
  3. after menopause
63
Q

most common sign of cervical cancer

A

abnormal Pap smear result

64
Q

most significant risk factor for cervical cancer

A

oncogenic types of HPV

65
Q

premalignant lesions to cervical cancer

A

cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)

66
Q

4 treatment options for cervical cancer

A
  1. LEEP
  2. laser therapy
  3. cryoabolation
  4. radical hysterectomy and chemotherapy
67
Q

4 risk factors for ovarian cancer

A
  1. patient Hx of breast cancer
  2. family Hx of breast and ovarian cancers
  3. BRCA 1 & BRCA 2 mutations
  4. HNPCC
68
Q

4 risk factors for endometrial cancer

A
  1. age: postmenopausal women
  2. HNPCC
  3. type 2 diabetes (could be a direct cause)
  4. HTN
69
Q

there is one type of endometrial cancer that is related to cumulative exposure to ____

A

excess estrogen

70
Q

fibrocystic breast condition is also known as ____

A

fibrocystic breast disease

71
Q

fibrocystic breast condition generally occurs between these ages

A

30-50 years old

72
Q

fibrocystic breast condition occurs due to ___

A

unknown

73
Q

mastitis that is often caused by strep or staphy infection that is almost always associated with breasfeeding

A

acute puerperal mastitis

74
Q

is fibroadenoma of the breast benign or malignant?

A

benign tumor of the breast

75
Q

cause of fibroadenoma of the breast is unknown, but tomors are ____, growing in size during menstruation or during pregnancy

A

hormonally responsive

76
Q

area of the breast where cancer usually arises

A

terminal ductal lobular unit (TDLU)

77
Q

the terminal ductal lobular unit (TDLU) is the ____ unit of breast tissue

A

functional

78
Q

5 physical signs and symptoms of breast cancer

A
  1. lump
  2. swelling
  3. tenderness of the breast
  4. irritation or dimpling of the skin (peau d’orange)
  5. pain, ulceration, or retraction of the nipple
79
Q

2 greatest risk factors for breast cancer

A
  1. increased age

2. female gender

80
Q

3 other risk factors for breast cancer

A
  1. hormonal
  2. reproductive
  3. genetic factors
81
Q

the precursor lesion to breast cancer

A

ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)

82
Q

3 specific characteristics of breast cancer to inform prognosis and treatment needs

A
  1. estrogen receptor positive/negative
  2. progesterone receptor positive/negative
  3. HER2 positive/negative
83
Q

6 treatment options for breast cancer

A
  1. lumpectomy
  2. mastectomy (partial, total or radical)
  3. removal of some axillary lymph nodes
  4. hormone therapy depending on the estrogen/progesterone receptor status
  5. herceptin for HER2 positive tumors
  6. chemotherapy
84
Q

disease of the breast that is a malignant lesion in the nipple of the breast

A

paget’s disease

85
Q

constellation of physical and emotional symptoms that may appear shortly after ovulation and subside with onset of menstruation or shortly thereafter

A

premenstrual syndrome (PMS)

86
Q

absence of menstrual periods, whether temporary or permanent

A

amenorrhea

87
Q

common gynecologic disorder; pain and cramping associated with menstruation affecting about 50% of post-pubertal women

A

dysmenorrhea

88
Q

fluid filled, semisolid or solid masses that originate on or within the ovary

A

ovarian cysts

89
Q

chronic condition characterized by extrauterine endometrial tissue

A

endometriosis

90
Q

infection of a woman’s pelvis

A

pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

91
Q

3 areas involved in PID

A

1, tubes

  1. ovaries
  2. surrounding tissue
92
Q

noncancerous tumors of the smooth muscle within the uterus

A

uterine leiomyoma (fibroids)

93
Q

inflammation and/or infection of the vaginal tissues

A

vaginitis

94
Q

acute, systemic infection

A

toxic shock syndrome (TSS)

95
Q

cessation of menstrual periods for 1 year with evidence of ovarian failure

A

menopause (climacteric)

96
Q

downward displacement of the uterus from its normal location in the pelvis

A

uterine prolapse

97
Q

most cervical cancers are ___ that arise in the transitional zone between the different epithelial types of the uterus corpus and vagina

A

squamous cell carcinomas

98
Q

primary ovarian tumors usually derive from epithelial cells

A

ovarian cancer

99
Q

involves lining of the uterus, which undergoes cyclic changes as a result of hormonal stimulation

A

endometrial cancer

100
Q

common, benign breast disorder related to normal hormonal variation

A

fibrocystic breast condition/disease

101
Q

inflammation of one or more mammary glands of the breast

A

mastitis

102
Q

in fibroadenoma, there is a mass in the breast with these 4 criteria

A
  1. firm
  2. round
  3. encapsulated
  4. movable
103
Q

usually arises from the TDLU which is very hormonally responsive

A

cancer of breast

104
Q

earliest sign of breast cancer

A

abnormality on a mammogram

105
Q

breast cancer in advanced stages: nodule becomes ___ and ___ develop

A

fixed to the chest wall; axillary masses and ulceration

106
Q

characteristic breast lesion that signifies presence of malignant adenocarcinoma cells

A

paget’s disease of the breast

Z. PATH 2 (17 decks)

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