Outcome 15 Disorders of the Female Reproductive System Flashcards
1
Q
female infertility can occur due to ____ or other infection of the reproductive organs
A
STI
2
Q
female infertility can also occur due to ___ or failure to ovulate
A
ovulatory dysfunction
3
Q
female infertility can also occur due to blocked ____
A
fallopian tubes
4
Q
female infertility can also occur due to congenital ____ or ___ disorders
A
structural or chromosomal
5
Q
female infertility can also occur due to ____ from infection, ectopic pregnancy or surgery
A
scar tissue
6
Q
disorder that can cause female infertility
A
endometriosis
7
Q
female infertility can also occur due to ____ in vaginal secretions
A
antisperm antibodies
8
Q
female infertility can also occur due to ___ distress
A
psychological
9
Q
treatment for female infertility: ____ of menstrual cycle to establish ovulatory function
A
charting
10
Q
diagnostic procedure for female infertility: blood tests to assess ____ levels
A
hormone
11
Q
3 surgical procedures for female infertility
A
- hysterosalpingography
- laparoscopy
- surgery to remove blockages
12
Q
family of drugs to treat female infertility
A
fertility drugs
13
Q
2 other treatments for female infertility
A
- IUI
2. IVF
14
Q
premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is caused by fluctuating levels of ___ and ____ and their resultant impact on ____
A
estrogen; progesterone; neurotransmitter
15
Q
in premenstrual syndrome (PMS), oral contraceptives may provide some relief if they have ___ and ___
A
estrogen; drospirenone
16
Q
diagnosis when PMS becomes severe and fits certain psychological criteria
A
premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD)
17
Q
amenorrhea where there is no menses by the age of 16
A
primary amenorrhea
18
Q
3 causes of primary amenorrhea
A
- late onset of puberty
- abnormality of the reproductive systems
- hormonal imbalances
19
Q
amenorrhea where there is no menses after a woman has been having menstrual cycles
A
secondary amenorrhea
20
Q
secondary amenorrhea is mainly ____ related, but must rule out other causes
A
hormone
21
Q
amenorrhea with failure to resume menses within 3 months of discontinuation of OCPs
A
“postpill” amenorrhea
22
Q
2 types of dysmenorrhea
A
- primary
2. secondary
23
Q
onset of dysmenorrhea with the initiation of menses
A
primary dysmenorrhea
24
Q
primary dysmenorrhea is thought to be due to the underlying ____ of the uterus and how it reacts to ____ produced in the menstrual cycle
A
muscular structure; chemicals
25
dysmenorrhea that occurs after years of normal, non-painful menses
secondary dysmenorrhea
26
2 causes of secondary dysmenorrhea
1. underlying disorder
| 2. disease condition
27
3 disease conditions that may cause secondary dysmenorrhea
1. fibroids
2. PID
3. endometriosis
28
2 main types of ovarian cysts
1. physiologic cysts
| 2. neoplastic cysts
29
2 causes of physiologic cysts
1. ovarian follicle growth
| 2. more common: corpus luteum that persists too long
30
ovarian cysts that are benign or malignant neoplasms
neoplastic cysts
31
2 surgical treatment options for ovarian cysts
1. laparoscopic drainage or removal
| 2. more extensive surgery for malignant cysts
32
extrauterine endometrial tissue; most commonly in the pelvis
endometriosis
33
the most likely cause of endometriosis
retrograde menstruation
34
initial infection in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is usually a ____ and then becomes multibacterial
STI
35
can result in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) if early treatment is not done
adhesion formation
36
2 end results in pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) if adhesions form in and around the fallopian tubes
1. infertility
| 2. increased risk of ectopic pregnancy
37
are uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) malignant or benign
benign
38
t or f. the cause of uterine leiomyomas (fibroids) is unknown
t
39
treatment options for uterine leiomyomas (fibroids)
1. myomectomy (surgical removal of the tumor)
2. uterine artery embolization (UAE)
3. endometrial ablation
4 hysterectomy
40
2 infectious causes of TSS
1. staphylococcus aureus
| 2. streptococcal toxic-like syndrome
41
in toxic shock syndrome (TSS), toxins produced by the bacteria actually causing the disease
streptococcal toxic-like syndrome
42
toxic shock syndrome (TSS) can occur due to an increase in ____ on ____ tampons
staphylococcal colonization; super absorbent
43
medication given to treat toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
IV vancomycin
44
average age of menopause occurrence
50-51
45
menopause is considered premature when occurring before ___ years of age
40
46
condition where women who are still menstruating but have the symptoms of menopause
perimenopause
47
menopause following ovary removal, or that caused by chemotherapy and/or radiation treatment for certain cancers
surgical menopause
48
hormone treatment for menopause symptoms are considered controversial because it raises the risk of developing ____
certain cancers
49
hormone treatment may be considered for ____ use during the period when ____ are the worst
short-term; symptoms
50
most common cause of vaginitis is ____
fungal infection
51
protozoa that can cause vaginitis
trichomonas
52
atrophic vaginitis occurs due to absence of ____ in postmenopausal women
estrogen
53
uterus is completely outside of the vagina
complete procidentia
54
uterine prolapse occurs due to the ___ becoming extremely overstretched or weakened from trauma due to childbirth, aging, or genetic factors
normal support of the uterus
55
the use of this therapeutic device that may help with symptoms of uterine prolapse
pessary
56
the only way to permanently correct uterine prolapse
hysterectomy
57
surgical treatment for young women with uterine prolapse hoping to preserve fertility
hysteropexy
58
displacement and protrusion of the urinary bladder into the *anterior wall*
cystocele
59
protrusion of the rectum into the *posterior wall* of the vagina
rectocele
60
2 main symptoms of cervical cancer
1. vaginal discharge
| 2. bleeding
61
vaginal discharge present in cervical cancer can be these 3 things
1. watery
2. bloody
3. purulent
62
bleeding present in cervical cancer can occur during these 3 periods
1. between periods
2. after intercourse
3. after menopause
63
most common sign of cervical cancer
abnormal Pap smear result
64
most significant risk factor for cervical cancer
oncogenic types of HPV
65
premalignant lesions to cervical cancer
cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
66
4 treatment options for cervical cancer
1. LEEP
2. laser therapy
3. cryoabolation
4. radical hysterectomy and chemotherapy
67
4 risk factors for ovarian cancer
1. patient Hx of breast cancer
2. family Hx of breast and ovarian cancers
3. BRCA 1 & BRCA 2 mutations
4. HNPCC
68
4 risk factors for endometrial cancer
1. age: postmenopausal women
2. HNPCC
3. type 2 diabetes (could be a direct cause)
4. HTN
69
there is one type of endometrial cancer that is related to cumulative exposure to ____
excess estrogen
70
fibrocystic breast condition is also known as ____
fibrocystic breast disease
71
fibrocystic breast condition generally occurs between these ages
30-50 years old
72
fibrocystic breast condition occurs due to ___
unknown
73
mastitis that is often caused by strep or staphy infection that is almost always associated with breasfeeding
acute puerperal mastitis
74
is fibroadenoma of the breast benign or malignant?
benign tumor of the breast
75
cause of fibroadenoma of the breast is unknown, but tomors are ____, growing in size during menstruation or during pregnancy
hormonally responsive
76
area of the breast where cancer usually arises
terminal ductal lobular unit (TDLU)
77
the terminal ductal lobular unit (TDLU) is the ____ unit of breast tissue
functional
78
5 physical signs and symptoms of breast cancer
1. lump
2. swelling
3. tenderness of the breast
4. irritation or dimpling of the skin (peau d'orange)
5. pain, ulceration, or retraction of the nipple
79
2 greatest risk factors for breast cancer
1. increased age
| 2. female gender
80
3 other risk factors for breast cancer
1. hormonal
2. reproductive
3. genetic factors
81
the precursor lesion to breast cancer
ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)
82
3 specific characteristics of breast cancer to inform prognosis and treatment needs
1. estrogen receptor positive/negative
2. progesterone receptor positive/negative
3. HER2 positive/negative
83
6 treatment options for breast cancer
1. lumpectomy
2. mastectomy (partial, total or radical)
3. removal of some axillary lymph nodes
4. hormone therapy depending on the estrogen/progesterone receptor status
5. herceptin for HER2 positive tumors
6. chemotherapy
84
disease of the breast that is a malignant lesion in the nipple of the breast
paget's disease
85
constellation of physical and emotional symptoms that may appear shortly after ovulation and subside with onset of menstruation or shortly thereafter
premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
86
absence of menstrual periods, whether temporary or permanent
amenorrhea
87
common gynecologic disorder; pain and cramping associated with menstruation affecting about 50% of post-pubertal women
dysmenorrhea
88
fluid filled, semisolid or solid masses that originate on or within the ovary
ovarian cysts
89
chronic condition characterized by extrauterine endometrial tissue
endometriosis
90
infection of a woman's pelvis
pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
91
3 areas involved in PID
1, tubes
2. ovaries
3. surrounding tissue
92
noncancerous tumors of the smooth muscle within the uterus
uterine leiomyoma (fibroids)
93
inflammation and/or infection of the vaginal tissues
vaginitis
94
acute, systemic infection
toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
95
cessation of menstrual periods for 1 year with evidence of ovarian failure
menopause (climacteric)
96
downward displacement of the uterus from its normal location in the pelvis
uterine prolapse
97
most cervical cancers are ___ that arise in the transitional zone between the different epithelial types of the uterus corpus and vagina
squamous cell carcinomas
98
primary ovarian tumors usually derive from epithelial cells
ovarian cancer
99
involves lining of the uterus, which undergoes cyclic changes as a result of hormonal stimulation
endometrial cancer
100
common, benign breast disorder related to normal hormonal variation
fibrocystic breast condition/disease
101
inflammation of one or more mammary glands of the breast
mastitis
102
in fibroadenoma, there is a mass in the breast with these 4 criteria
1. firm
2. round
3. encapsulated
4. movable
103
usually arises from the TDLU which is very hormonally responsive
cancer of breast
104
earliest sign of breast cancer
abnormality on a mammogram
105
breast cancer in advanced stages: nodule becomes ___ and ___ develop
fixed to the chest wall; axillary masses and ulceration
106
characteristic breast lesion that signifies presence of malignant adenocarcinoma cells
paget's disease of the breast
