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Z. PATH 2 > Outcome 1 Respiratory > Flashcards

Outcome 1 Respiratory Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the upper respiratory tract?

A

nose, pharynx, larynx

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2
Q

What makes up the lower respiratory tract?

A

trachea, bronchial tree, lungs

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3
Q

Coughing or spitting up of blood from the respiratory tract

A

hemoptysis

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4
Q

Ranges from blood streaked sputum to hemorrhage

A

hemoptysis

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5
Q

Generally a symptom of an underlying disorder such as trauma, erosion of a vessel, calcification, tumors, and inflammatory conditions

A

hemoptysis

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6
Q

Treatment: ligation, surgical removal, surgical repair of a vessel

A

hemoptysis

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7
Q

Airless or collapsed state of pulmonary tissue

A

atelectasis

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8
Q

Atelectasis is caused by the obstruction of the _____

A

bronchial tree

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9
Q

Three causes of atelectasis:

A
  1. OBSTRUCTIONS by mucus plugs, foreign body or bronchogenic cancer
  2. inflammatory pulmonary DISEASE
  3. FAILURE to breathe deeply
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10
Q

Treatment: surgical drainage of a pleural effusion

A

atelectasis

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11
Q

Occurs when a clot or foreign body blocks an artery in the pulmonary circulation

A

pulmonary embolism

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12
Q

Five causes of pulmonary embolism:

A
  1. pregnancy
  2. oral contraceptive pills
  3. emboli (air or fat)
  4. thrombi
  5. stasis of blood flow

POETS: Robert Frost

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13
Q

Three treatment options for pulmonary embolism

A
  1. oxygen therapy
  2. anticoagulants
  3. thrombolytic drugs
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14
Q

T or F. In cases of pulmonary embolism, prevention is easier than treatment.

A

T

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15
Q

Inflammation of the lungs due to infection

A

pneumonia

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16
Q

*

A

walking pneumonia

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17
Q

What is another name for walking pneumonia?

A

atypical pneumonia

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18
Q

*

A

aspiration pneumonia

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19
Q

Causes: viruses, bacteria, inhalation of a damaging gas or chemical

A

pneumonia

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20
Q

Treatment of pneumonia is based on _____.

A

the cause

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21
Q

Cavity of contained infectious material in lung

A

pulmonary abscess

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22
Q

Often a complication of bacterial pneumonia

A

pulmonary abscess

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23
Q

4 other causes of pulmonary abscess:

A
  1. aspiration of food/foreign object
  2. bronchial stenosis
  3. septic embolism
  4. neoplasms

ABSN

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24
Q

Treatment: surgical resection if antibiotics are ineffective

A

pulmonary abscess

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25
Q

Acute respiratory infection that produces severe pneumonia-like symptoms or fatal pneumonia

A

legionnaires’ disease

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26
Q

What is another name for legionnaires’ disease?

A

legionellosis

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27
Q

Legionnaires’ disease is pneumonia caused by which bacteria?

A

legionella pneumophila

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28
Q

Legionella pneumophila grows in warm water environments and is inhaled in _______

A

aerosolized water droplet

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29
Q

Condition caused by Legionella pneumophila bacteria but unlike Legionnaires’ disease, does not cause pneumonia

A

pontiac fever

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30
Q

Legionnaires’ disease is treated with ____ before the diagnosis is even confirmed because the response to treatment is generally slow

A

antibiotic therapy

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31
Q

Inflammatory and infectious condition of the lungs

A

respiratory syncytial virus pneumonia or RSV pneumonia

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32
Q

What virus causes RSV pneumonia?

A

respiratory syncytial virus

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33
Q

Greatest occurence for RSV pneumonia is during _____

A

winter

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34
Q

Treatment: oxygen therapy

A

RSV pneumonia

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35
Q

T or F. Antibiotics would be given for associated infections but not the RSV itself

A

true

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36
Q

Most of us have had RSV respiratory infection at some point but the 3 main groups at risk for RSV pneumonia are:

A
  1. children younger than 3 including infants
  2. elderly
  3. patients with compromised respiratory systems
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37
Q

What type of infants are most at risk for RSV pneumonia?

A
  1. premature infants

2. infants with a congenital cardiac defect or pre-existing pulmonary disorder

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38
Q

Fungal disease originating in the lungs

A

histoplasmosis

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39
Q

Histoplasmosis is caused by inhalation of ___ containing ___

A

dust containing Histoplasma capsulatum

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40
Q

Treatment: mild cases may not need treatment, antifungals

A

histoplasmosis

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41
Q

Disease that can be an opportunistic infection in patients with AIDS

A

histoplasmosis

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42
Q

Generalized highly contagious acute viral disease that occurs in annual outbreaks; initial symptoms are similar to common cold

A

influenza

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43
Q

T or F. Influenza can cause secondary bacterial pneumonia

A

T

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44
Q

Which viruses usually cause influenza?

A

orthomyxovirus A, B & C

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45
Q

Treatment: symptomatic, prophylactic vaccines recommended

A

influenza

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46
Q

Slow and irreversible progressive airway obstruction

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

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47
Q

What is another name for COPD?

A

chronic obstructive lung disease (COLD)

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48
Q

T or F. COPD includes acute bronchitis

A

F. COPD only includes chronic bronchitis

49
Q

What other disease fall under the COPD umbrella?

A

bronchiectasis, asthma, emphysema, cystic fibrosis, pneumoconiosis

50
Q

Treatment: depends on the lung condition

A

COPD

51
Q

Inflammation of the mucous membrane lining the bronchi

A

bronchitis

52
Q

Type of bronchitis that is usually part of a viral upper respiratory infection; treatment is symptom relief onlookers

A

acute bronchitis

53
Q

Type of bronchitis usually related to constant irritation from smoking, exposure to industrial pollution, or recurrent lung infections

A

chronic bronchitis

54
Q

How long must symptoms be present to diagnose chronic bronchitis?

A

3 months of the year for at least 2 years in a row

55
Q

Chronic bronchitis is treated depending on ____

A

stage

56
Q

Permanent irreversible DILATION or distortion of one or more bronchial

A

bronchiectasis

57
Q

Bronchiectasis results from the destruction of muscular and elastic portions of the ___

A

bronchial wall

58
Q

Cause: repeated damage to bronchial walls from recurrent lung infections, bronchial obstruction, inhalation of corrosive gas, cystic fibrosis and some childhood infections

A

bronchiectasis

59
Q

What is the difference between bronchiectasis and bronchitis?

A

BRONCHITIS: constant irritation causing irritation to the mucous membrane lining the bronchi
BRONCHIECTASIS: dilation of one or more bronchi

*med term rules

60
Q

Disorder affecting the exocrine glands and causes the production of abnormally thick mucus, leading to the blockage of bronchi and often resulting in respiratory infection such as bronchiectasis

A

cystic fibrosis

61
Q

Disorder causing patient to produce large quantities of purulent foul smelling sputum; treatment includes postural drainage

A

bronchiectasis

62
Q

COPD characterized by destructive changes in _____ and irreversible enlargement of _____

A

pulmonary emphysema; destructive changes in alveolar walls and irreversible enlargement of alveolar air spaces

63
Q

What 3 things do patients with pulmonary emphysema develop?

A
  1. cyanosis
  2. right ventricular heart failure
  3. digital clubbing
64
Q

Treatment: drug therapy, oxygen therapy and pulmonary rehabilitation

A

pulmonary emphysema

65
Q

In some pulmonary emphysema cases, surgery to improve ___ may be performed; usually involves the removal of portions of the lung

A

air trapping

66
Q

Any disease of the lung caused by long term dust inhalation

A

pneumoconiosis

67
Q

How are pneumoconiosis and histoplasmosis different?

A

pneumoconiosis: any lung disease caused by long-term inhalation of regular dust
histoplasmosis: fungal disease caused by inhalation of dust containing Histoplasma capsulatum

68
Q

T or F. Pneumoconiosis is considered to be an occupational disease

A

T

69
Q

Inflammation of the membranes surrounding the lungs and lining of the pleural cavity

A

pleurisy/pleuritis

70
Q

T or F. Pleurisy/pleuritis is usually a secondary to other disease or infection

A

T

71
Q

What are the two types of pleurisy/pleuritis?

A
  1. wet

2. dry

72
Q

Type of pleurisy where pleural fluid is present

A

wet pleurisy

73
Q

Type of pleurisy where pleural fluid decreases

A

dry pleurisy

74
Q

Three treatments used for pleurisy:

A
  1. antibiotic therapy and analgesics to control pain
  2. splinting of the chest and deep breathing exercises for good ventilation
  3. therapeutic thoracotomy
75
Q

Collection of air and gas in the pleural cavity that results in a collapse or partially collapsed lung

A

pneumothorax

76
Q

How are pneumothorax and pleurisy different in regard to their effects on the pleural cavity?

A

pneumothorax: collection of air in the pleural cavity; collapsed lung
pleurisy: inflammation of the membranes surrounding the lungs and lining of the pleural cavity; secondary to other disease

77
Q

What are two types of pneumothorax?

A
  1. spontaneous

2. traumatic

78
Q

Type of pneumothorax where an opening is present on the surface of a lung; disorder causing internal erosion of the lung surface

A

spontaneous pneumothorax

79
Q

Type of pneumothorax where the integrity of the pleural cavity is breached as a result of trauma; following a chest injury sometimes caused by the patient’s own rib

A

traumatic pneumothorax

80
Q

Three treatments to manage pneumothorax pain:

A
  1. fowler/semi-fowler position most comfortable
  2. dressing over the wound
  3. drainage system to expand and heal the lung
81
Q

Accumulation of blood and fluid in the pleural cavity

A

hemothorax

82
Q

How are pneumothorax and hemothorax different?

A

pneumothorax: collection of air in the pleural cavity
hemothorax: collection of blood/fluid in the pleural cavity

83
Q

In hemothorax, blood enters the pleural space because of trauma erosion of _____ or ______ causing lung to collapse

A

pulmonary vessel or hematologic disorder

84
Q

To treat hemothorax, the lung must be expanded by ____ to drain the blood

A

thoracotomy

85
Q

T or F. Hemothorax can coexist with pneumothorax

A

T

86
Q

Instability in the chest wall caused by multiple rib fractures or sternum

A

flail chest

87
Q

Flail chest is caused by direct trauma to the chest wall that fractures ___ or more adjacent ribs

A

three

88
Q

Flail chest can cause ____ breathing; the chest moves inward during inspiration and outward during expiration – the opposite of what should happen normally

A

paradoxical breathing

89
Q

Flail chest is treated by stabilizing the chest wall and healing the rib fractures while maintaining _____

A

respiratory integrity

90
Q

Chronic, acute or subacute infection of the lungs

A

pulmonary tuberculosis (TB)

91
Q

What bacteria causes pulmonary tuberculosis?

A

myobacterium tuberculosis

92
Q

What are the two forms of tuberculosis?

A
  1. primary form

2. secondary form

93
Q

Form of tuberculosis where a lesion in the lung develops because the normal antigen response doesn’t inactivate the disease, causing ____

A

primary form; causes cavitations

94
Q

Form of tuberculosis that is the sequelae of primary form when the primary form is not treated properly and the body creates pockets of tuberculosis

A

secondary form

95
Q

Form of tuberculosis that occurs following reactivation of the primary infection or exposure to an infected person

A

secondary form

96
Q

List three factors contributing to the spread of tuberculosis

A
  1. travel
  2. lack of vaccinations
  3. HIV/AIDS
97
Q

Glandular fever and acute herpesvirus infection

A

infectious mononucleosis

98
Q

What is another name for infectious mononucleosis?

A

Epstein-Barr infection

99
Q

What virus causes mono?

A

Epstein-Barr virus

100
Q

List 3 treatments for mononucleosis.

A
  1. bed rest
  2. increased fluid intake
  3. antipyretic drugs
101
Q

What are the symptoms of mononucleosis in the acute phase?

A

fever and malaise

102
Q

Syndrome and cancer that results from EBV

A

chronic fatigue syndrome, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (next outcome)

103
Q

The ___ and ___ can experience complications related to mononucleosis

A

spleen and liver

104
Q

Type of acute lung injury characterized by severe pulmonary congestion, acute respiratory distress, and hypoxemia

A

adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

105
Q

What is another name for ARDS?

A

shock lung

106
Q

Secondary to severe trauma or some agent

A

ARDS

107
Q

T or F. There is no known cure for ARDS; interventions are supportive only

A

T

108
Q

Multi-system granulomatous (small lesions of inflamed cells) disorder most commonly detected in the lung, but can affect other organs as well

A

sarcoidosis

109
Q

Respiratory disorder thought to be a malfunction of the immune system but is mostly idiopathic

A

sarcoidosis

110
Q

What can be prescribed when sarcoidosis is widespread?

A

immunosuppressant drugs; corticosteroid therapy to relieve pain symotoms

111
Q

Most common type of cancer death

A

lung cancer

112
Q

What is the most common symptom of lung cancer?

A

shortness of breath

113
Q

Lung cancer is caused by repeated carcinogenic irritation to the ____, leading to increased rates of cell division

A

bronchial epithelium

114
Q

What are two types of lung cancer?

A
  1. non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC)

2. small cell lung cancer (SCLC)

115
Q

Type of cancer not associated with smoking

A

NSCLC

116
Q

Type of cancer associated with smoking

A

SCLC

117
Q

Lung cancer treatment is based on the ___ of tumor and ___ of tumor

A

type and stage

118
Q

Treatment: radiotherapy and/or chemotherapy

A

lung cancer

Z. PATH 2 (17 decks)

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