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Z. PATH 2 > Outcome 13 Nephrology and Genitourinary > Flashcards

Outcome 13 Nephrology and Genitourinary Flashcards

1
Q

t or f. acute glomerulonephritis is both a primary or secondary disorder

A

t

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2
Q

most common form of acute glomerulonephritis

A

secondary

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3
Q

acute glomerulonephritis usually follows this type of infection

A

group B streptococcal infection

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4
Q

result of chronic glomerulonephritis is the progressive destruction of the glomeruli and eventually ____

A

end-stage renal disease (ESRD)

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5
Q

crystals of urea on the skin that result from the body trying to excrete urea through the sweat glands

A

uremic frost

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6
Q

arteriovenous fistula access

A

*

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7
Q

types of peritoneal dialysis

A

*

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8
Q

uses gravity to aid dialysate solution in filtering process, thereby draining waste into a bag worn around waist

A

continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)

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9
Q

uses a machine that continuously cycles the dialysate and extracts the waste

A

continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD)

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10
Q

typically performed at night while patient sleeps

A

ccpd

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11
Q

75% of kidney transplants are performed on patients with these 3 things

A
  1. diabetic renal failure
  2. hypertensive renal disease
  3. glomerulonephritis
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12
Q

part of glomerulus affected by nephrotic syndrome

A

basement membrane

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13
Q

nephrotic syndrome can follow these 4 hings

A
  1. glomerulonephritis
  2. exposure to certain toxins or drugs
  3. pregnancy
  4. kidney transplant
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14
Q

3 main causes of acute renal failure

A
  1. diminished blood flow to the kidney
  2. intrarenal damage or disease
  3. mechanical obstruction of urine flow
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15
Q

CRF results from the gradual and progressive loss of this kidney component

A

nephrons

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16
Q

CRF is reversible

A

f

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17
Q

2 dietary substances that should be restricted in patients with CRF

A
  1. protein

2. sodium

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18
Q

areas of kidney inflamed in pyelonephritis

A

renal pelvis and connective tissues

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19
Q

normal cause of pyelonephritis

A

infection ascending from the lower urinary tract

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20
Q

other 2 common causes of pyelonephritis

A
  1. pregnancy

2. renal calculi

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21
Q

part of the kidney dilated in hydronephrosis

A

renal pelvis

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22
Q

cause of hydronephrosis: obstruction of urine flow due to these 4 factors

A
  1. renal calculi
  2. tumors
  3. inflammation
  4. pregnancy
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23
Q

excessive amounts of 2 substances in the blood leading to the formation of renal calculi

A
  1. calcium

2. uric acid

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24
Q

large stone formed in the shape of the renal pelvis

A

staghorn calculus

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25
Q

cystitis and urethritis are common forms of this type of infection

A

lower utis

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26
Q

name for the diabetes-associated renal changes that comprise diabetic nephropathy

A

glomerulosclerosis

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27
Q

diabetic nepehropathy can be expected with this type of diabetes

A

type 1

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28
Q

normal renal tissue is replaced with this type of tissue in polycystic kidney disease

A

multiple grapelike cysts (causes gross enlargement of the kidney

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29
Q

form appears during infancy or childhood

A

autosomal recessive

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30
Q

form appears during middle age

A

autosomal dominant

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31
Q

acquired form of polycystic kidney disease is

A

long term kidney disease or dialysis

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32
Q

cause of neurogenic bladder

A

insult to brain, spinal cord, or nerves supplying the lower urinary tract

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33
Q

uncontrollable leakage of urine from the bladder during activities

A

stress incontinence

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34
Q

types of activities that can cause stress incontinence

A

physical exertion or actions that stress the pelvic muscle (laughing, sneezing, coughing, lifting, stretching, running)

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35
Q

causes of stress incontinence

A

weakening of the pelvic floor muscles and urethral stricture from childbirth, pregnancy and menopause, obesity and certain medicatons

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36
Q

Inflammation and swelling of the glomeruli of the kidneys

A

acute glomerulonephritis

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37
Q

t or f. acute glomerulonephritis can be primary or secondary to a systemic disease

38
Q

acute glomerulonephritis usually follows a ____ of throat or skin

A

streptococcal bacterial infection

39
Q

acute glomerulonephritis is marked by these 3 things

A
  1. proteinuria
  2. edema
  3. decreased urine volume
40
Q

acute glomerulonephritis is caused by group A and B ____

A

hemolytic streptococcus.

41
Q

acute glomerulonephritis can also result from an immune reaction that causes circulating ____ to be trapped within the ____

A

antigen-antibody complexes; capillaries and glomerulus

42
Q

3 tests for acute glomerulonephritis that reveal bilateral enlargement of the kidneys

A
  1. high blood urea nitrogen levels
  2. elevated ESR
  3. kidney ureter bladder (KUB)
43
Q

Slowly progressive noninfectious disease that can lead to irreversible renal damage and renal failure.

A

chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN)

44
Q

advanced stage of chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) results in inflammation followed by the progressive destruction of ____

45
Q

in chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN), ____ lodged in the ____ trigger an inflammatory response and glomerular injury

A

antigen antibody complexes; glomerular capsular membrane

46
Q

treatment for chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) aims to prevent these 2 conditions

A
  1. CHF

2. uremia

47
Q

Disease of the basement membrane of the glomerulus

A

nephrotic syndrome

48
Q

another term for nephrotic syndrome

49
Q

Nephrotic syndrome is also sometimes referred to as ____

A

protein losing kidney

50
Q

nephrotic syndrome is caused by increased ____ of the glomerulus meaning renal damage

A

permeability

51
Q

3 conditions that can lead to nephrosis

A
  1. DM
  2. infections
  3. allergic reactions
52
Q

in nephrosis, dietary intake of protein is adjusted to ___

53
Q

sudden severe function in renal function

A

acute renal failure (ARF)

54
Q

acute renal failure (ARF) is a common clinical emergency because ____ begin to accumulate in blood causing an acute ____

A

nitrogenous waste; uremic episode

55
Q

acute renal failure (ARF) is caused by diminished ____ to the kidney and ____ to urine flow

A

blood flow; mechanical obstructions

56
Q

treatment of ARF aims to reduce _____ damage

A

permanent kidney

57
Q

gradual progressive loss of nephrons with irreversible loss of renal function and gradual onset uremia

A

chronic renal failure (CRF)

58
Q

3 conditions that cause chronic renal failure (CRF)

A
  1. glomerulonephritis
  2. pyelonephritis
  3. polycystic kidneys
59
Q

chronic renal failure (CRF) is often the end stage of chronic ____

A

renal disease; obstruction of urine flow

60
Q

condition that can occur with chronic renal failure (CRF)

A

severe anemia

61
Q

inflammation of renal pelvis and connective tissue of one or both kidneys

A

pyelonephritis

62
Q

pyelonephritis is caused by this bacteria that ascend from the lower urinary tract to the kidneys

63
Q

drug to treat pyelonephritis

A

penicillin flouroquinolones

64
Q

abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis caused by pressure from urine that can’t flow past an obstruction in the urinary tract

A

hydronephrosis

65
Q

pyelonephritis is caused by a buildup of pressure in the kidneys because of an ____

A

obstruction

66
Q

surgical removal of the obstruction to treat hydronephrosis; when surgery isn’t an option, a ____ may be inserted

A

nephrostomy tube

67
Q

medical term for kidney stones

A

renal calculi

68
Q

renal calculi is caused by an excessive amount of ___ or ___

A

calcium; uric acid

69
Q

4 risk factors for renal calculi

A
  1. prolonged dehydration
  2. prolonged immobilization
  3. urinary stasis from obstruction
  4. crystalline inhibitors
70
Q

2 main treatments for renal calculi

A
  1. extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy

2. electrohydraulic lithotripsy

71
Q

Inflammation of the urinary bladder and urethritis, inflammation of the urethra most common form of lower UTI

A

infectious cystitis and urethritis

72
Q

4 causes of infectious cystitis and urethritis

A
  1. e. coli
  2. klebsiella
  3. enterobacter
  4. proteus pseudomonas
73
Q

renal changes from diabetes mellitus

A

diabetic nephropathy

74
Q

term for the changes from DM

A

glomerulosclerosis

75
Q

diabetic nephropathy occurs when lesions of the glomeruli eventually cause ____ to decrease

A

filtration rate

76
Q

diabetic nephropathy may also be caused by insufficient control of ____ and ____

A

blood glucose levels; blood pressure

77
Q

grape-like cyst replaces normal renal tissue

A

polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

78
Q

t or f. polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is inherited but may not manifest until adolescence/adulthood

79
Q

acquired polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a sequela of ____ and/or _____

A

long term kidney disease; long term dialysis

80
Q

recessive polycystic kidney disease (PKD) appears in ____

A

infants and children

81
Q

dominant polycystic kidney disease (PKD) appears in ____

A

middle aged individuals

82
Q

2 treatment options for polycystic kidney disease (PKD)

A
  1. dialysis

2. kidney transplant

83
Q

in polycystic kidney disease (PKD), there may be surgical removal of kidneys because of these 3 factors

A
  1. pain
  2. stones
  3. persistent infection
84
Q

dysfunction of the urinary bladder that consists of difficulty in emptying the bladder or urinary incontinence

A

neurogenic bladder

85
Q

neurogenic bladder results in insult to these 3 areas

A
  1. brain
  2. spinal cord
  3. other nerves supplying the lower urinary tract
86
Q

treatment for neurogenic bladder aims to prevent ___

87
Q

neurogenic bladder is also treated by providing a means of storing urine and emptying the bladder

A

catheterization

88
Q

uncontrolled leakage of urine from the urinary bladder during physical exertion or actions that stress the pelvic muscles (laughing, sneezing, coughing, etc)

A

stress incontinence

89
Q

stress incontinence is caused by weakening of these 2 areas

A
  1. pelvic floor muscles

2. urethral structure

90
Q

3 treatments for stress incontinence

A
  1. kegel exercises
  2. endoscopy
  3. voiding cystourethrogram

Z. PATH 2 (17 decks)

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