Outcome 13 Nephrology and Genitourinary Flashcards
1
Q
t or f. acute glomerulonephritis is both a primary or secondary disorder
A
t
2
Q
most common form of acute glomerulonephritis
A
secondary
3
Q
acute glomerulonephritis usually follows this type of infection
A
group B streptococcal infection
4
Q
result of chronic glomerulonephritis is the progressive destruction of the glomeruli and eventually ____
A
end-stage renal disease (ESRD)
5
Q
crystals of urea on the skin that result from the body trying to excrete urea through the sweat glands
A
uremic frost
6
Q
arteriovenous fistula access
A
*
7
Q
types of peritoneal dialysis
A
*
8
Q
uses gravity to aid dialysate solution in filtering process, thereby draining waste into a bag worn around waist
A
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD)
9
Q
uses a machine that continuously cycles the dialysate and extracts the waste
A
continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis (CCPD)
10
Q
typically performed at night while patient sleeps
A
ccpd
11
Q
75% of kidney transplants are performed on patients with these 3 things
A
- diabetic renal failure
- hypertensive renal disease
- glomerulonephritis
12
Q
part of glomerulus affected by nephrotic syndrome
A
basement membrane
13
Q
nephrotic syndrome can follow these 4 hings
A
- glomerulonephritis
- exposure to certain toxins or drugs
- pregnancy
- kidney transplant
14
Q
3 main causes of acute renal failure
A
- diminished blood flow to the kidney
- intrarenal damage or disease
- mechanical obstruction of urine flow
15
Q
CRF results from the gradual and progressive loss of this kidney component
A
nephrons
16
Q
CRF is reversible
A
f
17
Q
2 dietary substances that should be restricted in patients with CRF
A
- protein
2. sodium
18
Q
areas of kidney inflamed in pyelonephritis
A
renal pelvis and connective tissues
19
Q
normal cause of pyelonephritis
A
infection ascending from the lower urinary tract
20
Q
other 2 common causes of pyelonephritis
A
- pregnancy
2. renal calculi
21
Q
part of the kidney dilated in hydronephrosis
A
renal pelvis
22
Q
cause of hydronephrosis: obstruction of urine flow due to these 4 factors
A
- renal calculi
- tumors
- inflammation
- pregnancy
23
Q
excessive amounts of 2 substances in the blood leading to the formation of renal calculi
A
- calcium
2. uric acid
24
Q
large stone formed in the shape of the renal pelvis
A
staghorn calculus
25
cystitis and urethritis are common forms of this type of infection
lower utis
26
name for the diabetes-associated renal changes that comprise diabetic nephropathy
glomerulosclerosis
27
diabetic nepehropathy can be expected with this type of diabetes
type 1
28
normal renal tissue is replaced with this type of tissue in polycystic kidney disease
multiple grapelike cysts (causes gross enlargement of the kidney
29
form appears during infancy or childhood
autosomal recessive
30
form appears during middle age
autosomal dominant
31
acquired form of polycystic kidney disease is
long term kidney disease or dialysis
32
cause of neurogenic bladder
insult to brain, spinal cord, or nerves supplying the lower urinary tract
33
uncontrollable leakage of urine from the bladder during activities
stress incontinence
34
types of activities that can cause stress incontinence
physical exertion or actions that stress the pelvic muscle (laughing, sneezing, coughing, lifting, stretching, running)
35
causes of stress incontinence
weakening of the pelvic floor muscles and urethral stricture from childbirth, pregnancy and menopause, obesity and certain medicatons
36
Inflammation and swelling of the glomeruli of the kidneys
acute glomerulonephritis
37
t or f. acute glomerulonephritis can be primary or secondary to a systemic disease
t
38
acute glomerulonephritis usually follows a ____ of throat or skin
streptococcal bacterial infection
39
acute glomerulonephritis is marked by these 3 things
1. proteinuria
2. edema
4. decreased urine volume
40
acute glomerulonephritis is caused by group A and B ____
hemolytic streptococcus.
41
acute glomerulonephritis can also result from an immune reaction that causes circulating ____ to be trapped within the ____
antigen-antibody complexes; capillaries and glomerulus
42
3 tests for acute glomerulonephritis that reveal bilateral enlargement of the kidneys
1. high blood urea nitrogen levels
2. elevated ESR
3. kidney ureter bladder (KUB)
43
Slowly progressive noninfectious disease that can lead to irreversible renal damage and renal failure.
chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN)
44
advanced stage of chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) results in inflammation followed by the progressive destruction of ____
glomeruli
45
in chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN), ____ lodged in the ____ trigger an inflammatory response and glomerular injury
antigen antibody complexes; glomerular capsular membrane
46
treatment for chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) aims to prevent these 2 conditions
1. CHF
| 2. uremia
47
Disease of the basement membrane of the glomerulus
nephrotic syndrome
48
another term for nephrotic syndrome
nephrosis
49
Nephrotic syndrome is also sometimes referred to as ____
protein losing kidney
50
nephrotic syndrome is caused by increased ____ of the glomerulus meaning renal damage
permeability
51
3 conditions that can lead to nephrosis
1. DM
2. infections
3. allergic reactions
52
in nephrosis, dietary intake of protein is adjusted to ___
GFR
53
sudden severe function in renal function
acute renal failure (ARF)
54
acute renal failure (ARF) is a common clinical emergency because ____ begin to accumulate in blood causing an acute ____
nitrogenous waste; uremic episode
55
acute renal failure (ARF) is caused by diminished ____ to the kidney and ____ to urine flow
blood flow; mechanical obstructions
56
treatment of ARF aims to reduce _____ damage
permanent kidney
57
gradual progressive loss of nephrons with irreversible loss of renal function and gradual onset uremia
chronic renal failure (CRF)
58
3 conditions that cause chronic renal failure (CRF)
1. glomerulonephritis
2. pyelonephritis
3. polycystic kidneys
59
chronic renal failure (CRF) is often the end stage of chronic ____
renal disease; obstruction of urine flow
60
condition that can occur with chronic renal failure (CRF)
severe anemia
61
inflammation of renal pelvis and connective tissue of one or both kidneys
pyelonephritis
62
pyelonephritis is caused by this bacteria that ascend from the lower urinary tract to the kidneys
e.coli
63
drug to treat pyelonephritis
penicillin flouroquinolones
64
abnormal dilation of the renal pelvis caused by pressure from urine that can't flow past an obstruction in the urinary tract
hydronephrosis
65
pyelonephritis is caused by a buildup of pressure in the kidneys because of an ____
obstruction
66
surgical removal of the obstruction to treat hydronephrosis; when surgery isn't an option, a ____ may be inserted
nephrostomy tube
67
medical term for kidney stones
renal calculi
68
renal calculi is caused by an excessive amount of ___ or ___
calcium; uric acid
69
4 risk factors for renal calculi
1. prolonged dehydration
2. prolonged immobilization
3. urinary stasis from obstruction
4. crystalline inhibitors
70
2 main treatments for renal calculi
1. extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy
| 2. electrohydraulic lithotripsy
71
Inflammation of the urinary bladder and urethritis, inflammation of the urethra most common form of lower UTI
infectious cystitis and urethritis
72
4 causes of infectious cystitis and urethritis
1. e. coli
2. klebsiella
3. enterobacter
4. proteus pseudomonas
73
renal changes from diabetes mellitus
diabetic nephropathy
74
term for the changes from DM
glomerulosclerosis
75
diabetic nephropathy occurs when lesions of the glomeruli eventually cause ____ to decrease
filtration rate
76
diabetic nephropathy may also be caused by insufficient control of ____ and ____
blood glucose levels; blood pressure
77
grape-like cyst replaces normal renal tissue
polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
78
t or f. polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is inherited but may not manifest until adolescence/adulthood
t
79
acquired polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a sequela of ____ and/or _____
long term kidney disease; long term dialysis
80
recessive polycystic kidney disease (PKD) appears in ____
infants and children
81
dominant polycystic kidney disease (PKD) appears in ____
middle aged individuals
82
2 treatment options for polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
1. dialysis
| 2. kidney transplant
83
in polycystic kidney disease (PKD), there may be surgical removal of kidneys because of these 3 factors
1. pain
2. stones
3. persistent infection
84
dysfunction of the urinary bladder that consists of difficulty in emptying the bladder or urinary incontinence
neurogenic bladder
85
neurogenic bladder results in insult to these 3 areas
1. brain
2. spinal cord
3. other nerves supplying the lower urinary tract
86
treatment for neurogenic bladder aims to prevent ___
UTIs
87
neurogenic bladder is also treated by providing a means of storing urine and emptying the bladder
catheterization
88
uncontrolled leakage of urine from the urinary bladder during physical exertion or actions that stress the pelvic muscles (laughing, sneezing, coughing, etc)
stress incontinence
89
stress incontinence is caused by weakening of these 2 areas
1. pelvic floor muscles
| 2. urethral structure
90
3 treatments for stress incontinence
1. kegel exercises
2. endoscopy
3. voiding cystourethrogram
