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Z. PATH 2 > Outcome 2 ENT > Flashcards

Outcome 2 ENT Flashcards

1
Q

Acute inflammatory process affecting the mucus membrane that lines the upper respiratory tract

A

common cold/upper respiratory tract infection (URI/URTI)

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2
Q

Caused by almost 200 different viruses that are part of normal body flora

A

common cold/URI/URTI

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3
Q

Group of viruses responsible for 1/2 of the 200 viruses that cause the common cold

A

rhinoviruses

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4
Q

Controversial treatment for colds

A

oral antihistamines

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5
Q

When do ordinary colds and bacterial colds usually resolve?

A

ordinary cold: 4-5 days

bacterial: 7-10 days

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6
Q

SInusitis is the acute or chronic inflammation of the mucous membranes of the ______

A

paranasal sinuses

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7
Q

Sinusitis is caused by ___, ___ and ___ that travel to the sinuses from the nose; often occurs after the patient has been infected by the common cold

A

virus, fungus, bacteria

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8
Q

What is another cause of sinusitis?

A

Any condition that blocks sinus drainage and ventilation

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9
Q

Treatment: saline nasal sprays and corticosteroid nasal sprays

A

sinusitis

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10
Q

What are the 2 types of sinusitis?

A
  1. acute: 3 to 4 week resolution

2. chronic: surgical treatment

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11
Q

Type of sinusitis requiring surgery

A

chronic sinusitis

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12
Q

Which paranasal sinuses are affected most in sinusitis?

A

maxillary paranasal sinuses

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13
Q

Acute or chronic inflammation or infection of the pharynx

A

pharyngitis

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14
Q

What is the informal term for pharyngitis

A

sore throat

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15
Q

What are 3 types of pharyngitis?

A
  1. acute
  2. chronic
  3. gonococcal
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16
Q

Type of pharyngitis that may be secondary to systemic viral infections such as chickenpox and measles

A

acute

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17
Q

Type of pharyngitis that occurs when an infection spreads to the pharynx and remains, such as syphilis and tuberculosis

A

chronic

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18
Q

Type of pharyngitis resulting from oral-genital sexual activity

A

gonococcal

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19
Q

How is streptococcal pharyngitis treated?

A

7-10 day course of antibiotics

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20
Q

What are the two conditions that must be ruled out before diagnosing pharyngitis?

A
  1. epiglottitis

2. Ludwig’s angina: cellulitis of the floor of the mouth

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21
Q

Head and neck cancer that arises in the area of the pharynx unique in that it is not linked to tobacco use

A

nasopharyngeal carcinoma

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22
Q

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma arise in the area of the pharynx that opens into the ____ anteriorly and the ___ inferiorly

A

nasal cavity, oropharynx

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23
Q

Cancer often linked to dietary intake or Epstein-Barr Virus infection

A

nasopharyngeal carcinoma

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24
Q

What are three main symptoms of nasopharyngeal carcinoma?

A
  1. neck mass
  2. epistaxis
  3. serous otitis media
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25
Q

5 risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma:

A
  1. salted fish in regular diet
  2. high levels of nitrates
  3. chinese herbs
  4. infection with EBV
  5. first degree relative with nasopharyngeal carcinoma
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26
Q

How are early stage and advanced stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated?

A

early stage: radiation therapy

advanced stage: chemoradiotherapy

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27
Q

Inflammation of the larynx including the vocal cords; main symptoms is hoarseness

A

laryngitis

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28
Q

List 5 causes of laryngitis.

A
  1. infection: bacterial or viral
    2 URI
  2. reflux laryngitis: repeated attacks of acid reflux
  3. excessive use of voice
  4. benign or malignant lesion of the larynx
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29
Q

Treatment: voice rest, bed rest, fluid intake, lozenges and cough syrup

A

laryngitis

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30
Q

Chronic laryngitis is treated based on elimination of _____

A

the causative factor

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31
Q

Crooked nasal septum

A

deviated septum (DNS)

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32
Q

What are the two causes of DNS?

A
  1. congenital anomaly

2. trauma

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33
Q

Treatment is unnecessary unless air passage is compromised; if so, treated surgically

A

DNS

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34
Q

Benign growth that form as a consequence of swollen mucous membranes protruding into the nasal cavity

A

nasal polyps

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35
Q

If polyps grow large enough, they can cause ____ and ____

A

breathing problems and anosmia (loss of smell)

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36
Q

Nasal polyps are caused by the _____ in the cells of the mucous membrane: also allergic rhinitis

A

overproduction of fluid

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37
Q

How are nasal polyps treated?

A
  1. surgical removal

2. injection of a steroid directly into the polyps

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38
Q

Impairment or loss of the sense of smell

A

anosmia

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39
Q

The _____ form of anosmia can be caused by nasal polyps and allergic rhinitis

A

chronic form

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40
Q

List 3 other causes of anosmia.

A
  1. phobia
  2. damage of the olfactory nerves
  3. intranasal swelling
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41
Q

Phobia of a certain smell

A

psychological anosmia

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42
Q

Can cause temporary anosmia

A

URTI

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43
Q

T or F. Damaged nerves can’t be repaired in regards to anosmia

A

T

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44
Q

Hemorrhage from the nose

A

epistaxis

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45
Q

What is the informal term for epistaxis

A

nosebleed

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46
Q

List 3 causes of epistaxis.

A
  1. cold/infections that cause crusting which damages the mucous membrane and ruptures vessels
  2. direct trauma to the nose
  3. systemic disorders
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47
Q

What are 2 common topical cauterization agents used to treat moderate epistaxis?

A
  1. silver nitrate (AgNO3)

2. cocaine

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48
Q

What are 5 risk factors for epistaxis?

A
  1. vitamin k deficiency
  2. hypertension
  3. aspirin ingestion
  4. high altitude
  5. anticoagulant therapy
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49
Q

Treated with local application of epinephrine followed by cauterization, nasal packing, surgical ligation of a bleeding artery if severe

A

epistaxis

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50
Q

____ lasting longer than 2 weeks is usually the inly symptom of a tumor of the larynx

A

dysphonia or difficulty speaking

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51
Q

What are the 2 types of benign tumors of the larynx?

A
  1. papillomas

2. polyps

52
Q

Type of larynx tumor that causes intermittent dysphonia

A

benign tumors

53
Q

Type of larynx tumor that causes continuous, gradually worsening dysphonia

A

malignant tumors

54
Q

How is laryngeal cancer treated once it has metastasized?

A

laryngectomy

55
Q

Neoplasm of the larynx

A

laryngeal cancer

56
Q

What is the most common site for head and neck tumors?

57
Q

Laryngeal cancers are mostly _____ carcinomas

A

squamous cell carcinomas

58
Q

T or F. Laryngeal cancers have peak incidence in the fifth and sixth decades of life

A

F. Sixth and seventh

59
Q

What are the two major factors for laryngeal cancer, particularly when both occur?

A
  1. smoking

2. alcohol abuse

60
Q

How are laryngeal cancers treated?

A

surgery and/or radiation therapy

61
Q

What are the 4 requirements for hearing?

A
  1. vibratory or sound STIMULUS
  2. RELAY of sound/vibration to the inner ear
  3. STIMULATION of tiny hairs in cochlea
  4. CONDUCTION of nerve impulses to the brain
62
Q

What are the two main types of hearing loss?

A
  1. conductive

2. sensorineural

63
Q

Conductive hearing loss is related to impairment of the ____ or ____

A

eardrum or middle ear ossicles

64
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss is caused by impairment of the ____ or _____

A

cochlea or the auditory nerve

65
Q

Abnormal accumulation of ear wax in the canal of the outer ear, preventing sound waves from reaching the _____

A

impacted cerumen, tympanic membrane

66
Q

What are 3 main causes for impacted cerumen?

A
  1. dryness and scaling of skin
  2. excessive hair in ear canal
  3. abnormally narrow ear canal
67
Q

Treatment: softened with oily drops or hydrogen peroxide and irrigated with water

A

impacted cerumen

68
Q

Inflammation of the external ear canal

A

infective otitis externa

69
Q

Infective otitis externa is caused by a buildup of ____ mixed with ___ which is a good place for bacteria or fungi

A

cerumen mixed with water

70
Q

What are 2 conditions that can cause infective otitis externa?

A
  1. psoriasis

2. seborrhea

71
Q

T or F. Infective otitis externa tends to recur and can become chronic

72
Q

Inflammation and resulting infection of the outer ear canal after water has been trapped during swimming

A

swimmer’s ear

73
Q

Swimmer’s ear is caused by a buildup of ___ mixed with ___ in the ear canal

A

cerumen mixed with water, exactly like infective otitis externa

74
Q

How are infective otitis externa and swimmer’s ear different?

A

Swimmer’s ear infection is caused by swimming; IOE is caused by an already existing infectious process

75
Q

Inflammation of the normally air-filled middle ear with the accumulation of fluid behind the tympanic membrane; can occur unilaterally or bilaterally

A

otitis media (OM)

76
Q

What are the two types of otitis media?

A
  1. serous or nonsuppurative

2. suppurative

77
Q

Type of OM with relatively clear and sterile fluid

A

serous or nonsuppurative

78
Q

What are two types of serous otitis media?

A
  1. acute

2. chronic

79
Q

Acute serous otitis media is caused by a URI virus that has spread through the ____ into the ___

A

eustachian tube into the middle ear

80
Q

Chronic serous otitis media develops from an acute attack, _____ of the adenoids, or ____ infection

A

hypertrophy of the adenoids or chronic sinus infection

81
Q

Type of OM caused by bacteria

A

suppurative

82
Q

Treated with decongestants to promote drainage and antibiotics for suppurative cases

83
Q

How is severe OM treated?

A

surgical evacuation of the fluid or myringotomy

84
Q

T or F. Myringotomy tubes may need to be inserted after OM is treated to keep the middle ear filled with air and prevent fluid accumulation

85
Q

Abnormal bone growth in the middle ear, primarily affecting the stapes

A

otosclerosis

86
Q

T or F. Otosclerosis causes conductive hearing loss

87
Q

What is the key symptom of otosclerosis?

88
Q

In otosclerosis, the movement of the ____ is impaired, causing reduced conduction of sound waves

89
Q

What is the only cure for otosclerosis?

A

stapedectomy in which the bone is replaced with a prosthesis

90
Q

If surgery is not an option for a patient with otosclerosis, how does he or she manage the condition?

A

hearing aids

91
Q

Chronic disease of the inner ear affecting the labyrinth

A

Ménière’s disease

92
Q

What are the 4 core symptoms of Ménière’s disease?

A
  1. vertigo
  2. tinnitus
  3. progressive hearing loss
  4. sensation of aural fullness
93
Q

Ménière’s disease involves the destruction of the ____ inside the cochlea

A

tiny hair cells

94
Q

List some predisposing factors for Ménière’s disease.

A
  1. middle ear infection
  2. head trauma
  3. dysfunction in the autonomic nervous system
  4. noise pollution
  5. premenstrual edema
95
Q

Treated by adopting a salt-free diet, restricted fluid intake, avoiding stressful situations

A

Ménière’s disease

96
Q

Ménière’s disease can also be treated with surgical destruction of the affected labyrinth by ____

A

ultrasound

97
Q

Vestibular system disorder stimulated by head movement

A

benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)

98
Q

BPPV is caused by balance or equilibrium disorders where the ___ and ___ are not functioning properly

A

brainstem and cerebellum

99
Q

What are the 3 drugs prescribed for BPPV?

A
  1. anthistamines
  2. anticholinergics
  3. benzodizepines
100
Q

Treated by repeatedly turning the head side to side

101
Q

What is the specific diagnostic test for BPPV?

A

caloric stimulation

102
Q

Inflammation or infection of the labyrinth

A

labyrinthitis

103
Q

BPPV vs Ménière’s disease vs labyrinthitis?

A

Ménière’s disease:
BPPV: vertigo stimulated by head movement; vestibular system
Labyrinthitis: constant vertigo not in relation to head movement

104
Q

Labyrinthitis is caused by a virus or bacterial infection that has spread from the _____

A

middle ear

105
Q

Type of labyrinthitis that can cause permanent hearing deficiency and/or balance problems

A

bacterial labyrinthitis

106
Q

Any tear or injury to the eardrum that causes a breach in the integrity of the membrane

A

ruptured tympanic membrane

107
Q

Ruptured tympanic membrane is the result of which 3 main factors?

A
  1. pressure
  2. force or insult from outside
  3. increased pressure within the middle ear

Examples: nearby explosion, fractured skull, severe ear infection, sharp object, etc

108
Q

Treated with patch applied to the eardrum or tympanoplasty

A

ruptured tympanic membrane

109
Q

Pocket of skin cells located in the middle ear collects into a cyst-like mass and becomes infected

A

cholesteatoma

110
Q

In cholesteatoma, the bone lining the ____, rods, and ossicles become damaged

A

middle ear cavity

111
Q

How does cholesteatoma develop?

A
  1. in infancy

2. chronic ear infection

112
Q

In cholesteatoma, the ____ fails to open or becomes blocked (OM)

A

eustachian tube

113
Q

A pocket in the eardrum is formed because the normally air-filled chamber develops a weak ____ causing the eardrum to become retracted

114
Q

The early stage of cholesteatoma is treated with thorough cleaning of the ____ and inflation of the ___

A

middle ear cavity, eustachian tube

115
Q

THe advanced stage of cholesteatoma is treated with surgical reconstruction of the ____

A

middle ear

116
Q

What are some complications that can arise when surgically reconstructing the middle ear?

A

deafness, vertigo or erosion of a facial nerve

117
Q

Inflammation of the mastoid bone or mastoid process

A

mastoiditis

118
Q

What are the 2 types of mastoiditis?

A
  1. acute

2. chronic

119
Q

Acute mastoiditis is the result of neglected, untreated, or poorly treated ______

A

acute otitis media

120
Q

Chronic mastoiditis is associated with _____

A

advanced cholesteatoma

121
Q

Chronic mastoiditis may be treated with what surgical procedure?

A

radical masoidectomy

122
Q

Occupational hearing loss where sound waves reach the inner ear but are not perceived

A

sensorineural hearing loss

123
Q

In sensorineural hearing loss, ____ are not transmitted to the brain

A

nerve impulses

124
Q

List some causes of sensorineural hearing loss

A
  1. nerve failure
  2. damage to the cochlea or auditory nerve VIII
  3. age
  4. loud noises
  5. side effects of medication
  6. physical trauma with fracture of the temporal bone
125
Q

How is sensorineural hearing loss treated?

A

By reducing the amount of damage to the cochlea by reducing noise levels

Z. PATH 2 (17 decks)

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