Outcome 12 GI System Flashcards
treatment options for dental caries
fillings, root canals, tooth extraction
most common cause of gingivitis
plaque
cause of periodontitis
unchecked gingivitis
4 causes of malocclusion
- inheritance
- early loss of primary teeth
- thumb or finger sucking
- airway problems
4 causes of TMJ syndrome
- bruxism (grinding)
- malocclusion
- poorly fitting dentures
- arthritis
3 last resort surgical treatments options for TMJ syndrome
- TMJ arthroscopy
- joint restructuring
- joint replacement
definitive treatment for tooth abscess
root canal following antibiotic therapy
2 types of mouth ulcers
- aphthous
2. traumatic
mouth ulcers; source not established
aphthous ulcers
mouth ulcers; usually caused by mechanical trauma, viral and bacterial infection, stress, illness
traumatic ulcers
virus typically the cause of cold sores
herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1) though there can be cross- contamination from HSV-2
organism that causes thrush
candida: most commonly Candida albicans
necrotizing periodontal disease most often seen today in association with this disease
HIV/AIDS: anaerobic opportunistic bacteria
another term for necrotizing periodontal disease
Vincent’s angina
oral leukoplakia causes ____
hyperkeratosis
what normally causes oral leukoplakia
chronic irritation
mild cases of GERD is described as ____
heartburn
4 treatment options for GERD
- elevate the head of the bed
- light evening meal 4 hours before bedtime
- antacids
- drugs
surgical treatment for GERD; used conservatively
anti-reflux surgery
patients have this underlying condition in esophageal varices
portal hypertension
2/3 of patients with esophageal varices have this condition
cirrhosis of the liver
2 treatment options for esophageal varices
- sclerotherapy and/or ligation if bleeding
2. emergency portal decompression
most common cause of esophagitis
reflux
replacement of normal stratified squamous epithelium of the distal esophagus with abnormal columnar epithelium
Barrett’s esophagus
__% patients with chronic GERD develop Barrett’s esophagus and have a ___x higher risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and proximal stomach
15%; 30x
most common type of peptic ulcer
duodenal ulcers
most common cause of peptic ulcers
helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacteria
second most common cause of peptic ulcers
NSAID use
surgical treatment for peptic ulcers is required when in cases of ____ and ____
perforation and hemorrhage
which form of gastritis is more common
acute form
main cause of gastritis
H. pylori
significant diagnostic indicator of acute appendicitis
maximal tenderness at McBurney’s point
in appendicitis, what can rebound tenderness on examination indicate
peritoneal irritation
defect in the diaphragm permitting a segment of the stomach to slide into the thoracic cavity
hiatal hernia
2 causes of hiatal hernia
- congenital defect in the diaphragm
2. weakness in the diaphragm due to obesity, old age, trauma, or intraabdominal pressure
6 types of hernia
- hiatal
- abdominal
- femoral
- umbilical
- inguinal
- incisional
what can result from a trapped or strangulated (incarcerated) hernia
gangrene
types of hernias are based on ____
location
surgical treatment option for hernias in an otherwise healthy child or adult
herniorrhaphy
crohn’s disease can cause these 4 things on the intestines
- deep ulcerations
- bowel obstruction
- adhesions
- abscesses
x-rays can reveal ____ as a diagnostic indicator for crohns
skip lesions
chronic inflammatory bowel disease affecting the mucosa and submucosa of the rectum and colon
ulcerative colitis
treatment for severe cases of ulcerative colitis
- proctocolectomy with either ileostomy or ileoanal anastamosis
4 causes of gastroenteritis
- traveler’s diarrhea
- intestinal influenza
- food or chemical poisoning
- allergic reactions to food and drug
ingestion of disease-causing bacteria or parasites from contaminated food or water
traveler’s diarrhea
causes of intestinal obstruction
mechanical obstructions
t or f. mechanical intestinal obstructions may require surgical removal of the lesion or blockage
t
another term for diverticulosis
diverticular disease
term for the defects in the muscular wall of the large bowel that result from diverticulosis
outpouches
part of the large intestine where diverticulosis is most common
sigmoid colon
cause of diverticulosis
diet inadequate in roughage
cause of diverticulitis
trapped fecal matter in the out pouches associated with diverticular disease
when is surgical removal of the diseased portion performed for diverticulitis
Perforation and/or hemorrhage
pseudomembraneous enterocolitis causative bacteria:
Clostridium difficile: C diff.
cause of pseudomembranous enterocolitis
broad-spectrum antibiotics
2 other treatments for pseudomembraneous enterocolitis
- discontinue the antibiotic
2. isolation
virulent strain has been associated with hospital outbreaks of pseudomembraneous enterocilitis
BI/NAPI
short bowel syndrome occurs when a length of intact or functioning bowel is altered by ___ or ___
disease or surgery
4 main symptoms of IBS
- chronic abdominal pain
- discomfort
- bloating
- erratic dysfunction of bowel habits
is there a cure for IBS?
no
Is peritonitis acute or chronic?
can be both
Is peritonitis local or generalized?
can be both
cause of primary peritonitis
Blood-borne organisms originating in the GI or genital tract
cause of secondary peritonitis
perforation in the GI tract or intra-abdominal organs
Internal hemorrhoids are with the ____ above the ___
rectum; junction of the skin and rectal mucosa
external hemorrhoids are those lower in the ____ covered by skin
anal area
5 surgical treatment for hemorrhoids
- band ligations
- cryosurgery
- photocoagulation
- electrocoagulation
- hemorrhoidectomy
replacement of normal liver cells with hard, fibrous scar tissue
hobnail liver
most common cause of liver cirrhosis
chronic alcoholism
HAV is transmitted by ____ route from contaminated food, water and stools
fecal-oral route
recommended before travel into areas where hep A is prevalent
vaccination
HBV is considered chronic when the Hep B antigen is present in the blood for more than ___ months
6
Primary method if transmission for HBV is through the _____ and ____ routes (blood and body fluid)
percutaneous and perimucosal routes
HCV is transmitted through ___ and ____
blood; body fluids
Patients can recover completely but most develop ___ hep C
chronic
4 contributing factors to the formation of cholelithiasis
- aging
- high-calorie and high-cholesterol diet
- being female
- ocp use
3 treatment options for recurring cholelithiasis pain
- ERCP
- ESWL
- cholecystectomy
usual cause of cholecystitis is obstruction of the biliary duct caused by ___
gallstones
most common cause of acute pancreatitis
gallstones
this can result in severe cases of pancreatitis
multi-organ failure
Kwashiorkor malnutrition is a deficiency of ___ in the presence of adequate ___
protein; energy
In industrialized societies, Kwashiorkor is usually caused by these 3 factors
- trauma
- burns
- illness
Marasmus malnutrition is a combined ___ and ___ deficiency
protein and energy
In industrialized societies, Marasmus is usually caused by ____
chronic diseases like COPD, CHF, AIDS
Main cause of malabsorption syndrome
defective mucosal cells in the small intestine
3 characteristics of celiac disease
- malabsorption
- gluten intolerance
- damage to the lining of the intestine
Treatment for food poisoning
symptom management
2 precipitating factors in anorexia
- family factors
2. social factors
Condition that can arise in a bulimic patient that can cause sudden death
hypokalemia
Motion sickness is caused by a disturbance in the ____
sense of balance
infection resulting in erosion of the tooth surface
dental caries
4 step process behind dental caries
cavity causing bacteria > acid plaque > demineralization > cavity
dental caries is also caused by ____ from GERD or bulimia burging
stomach acid
Inflammation and swelling of the gums
gingivitis
2 demographics susceptible to gingivitis
- pregnant women
2. diabetics
untreated gingivitis leads to the destruction of the gums and bone disease, called ____
periodontitis
destructive gum and bone disease around one or more of the teeth
periodontitis
another term for periodontitis
periodontal disease
3 treatment options for periodontitis
- SRP scaling
- root planing
- curettage
this periodontal surgery may be required if pockets are deep and nonresponsive
respective periodontal surgery
specific angles of malposition and contact of the maxillary and mandibular teeth
malocclusion
4 treatment options for malocclusion
- braces
- tooth extraction
- surgical removal of portions of jaw
- combined crowns or bridges
symptom complex related to inflammation, disease or dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint
temporomandibular joint syndrome (TMJ)
TMJ is also treated with ____ injections of hydrocortisone
intraarticular
Pus-filled sac that develops in the tissue surrounding the base of the root
tooth abscess
3 causes of tooth abscess
- dead pulp w/ invading bacteria
- exposure of nerve due to decayed tooth
- exposure of nerve due to tooth structure loss
a surgical procedure to treat tooth abscess if a lesion is long standing, large or doesn’t heal after a period of time
apicectomy
lesion on the mucous membrane, exposing the underlying sensitive tissue
mouth ulcers
informal term for mouth ulcers
canker sores
mouth ulcers are usually caused by ____ trauma
mechanical trauma
mouth ulcers may be the first sign of these 3 conditions
- tumor in mouth
- anemia
- leukemia
contagious, recurrent viral infection affecting skin and mucous membranes
herpes simplex
informal term for herpes simplex
cold sores
rubbing eyes after touching ulcer could form ___, which can produce severe illness
herpetic corneal ulcers
viral cause of herpes simplex
HSV-1 (herpes simplex type 1)
herpes simplex tend to recur because the virus can be ___
dormant
burning, tingling sensation with herpes simplex that occurs in the soon to be affected area
prodome
t or f. there is no known cure for herpes simplex
t
Candidiasis of the oral mucosa, involving the mouth, tongue, palate, and gums
thrush
t or f. thrush rarely becomes systemic or infectious
t
fungus that causes the most cases of thrush
Candida albicans
common infection affecting the gums and the anchoring structure of the teeth
necrotizing periodontal disease
another term for necrotizing periodontal disease
Vincent’s angina
necrotizing periodontal disease is formerly called ____ or ___
- acute necrotizing ulcerative gingivitis
2. trench mouth
necrotizing periodontal disease is caused by _____ bacteria
anaerobic opportunistic bacteria
hyperkeratosis or epidermal thickening of the buccal mucosa, palate, or lower lip
oral leukoplakia
oral leukoplakia is considered ____ until proven otherwise
precancerous
Clinical manifestations of regurgitation of stomach and duodenal contents into the esophagus
GERD
GERD is caused by relaxation of the ____ or an increase in ____
lower esophageal sphincter (LES); intra-abdominal pressure
Dilated submucosal veins that develop in patients with underlying portal HTN; may result in serious upper GI bleeding
esophageal varices
with rupture in esophageal varices, pt experiences these 3 conditions
- hematemesis
- melena
- hypovolemic shock
esophageal varices are caused by increased pressure within the veins when the ____ to the liver is impeded
venous return
common complication of esophageal varices
liver cirrhosis
inflammation and tissue injury of the esophagus
esophagitis
severe inflammation of the esophagus resulting from ingestion of a caustic chemical
corrosive esophagitis
esophagitis can be a GI manifestation of an ____ infection
HIV
treatment for esophageal perforation in esophageal varices
emergency endoscopic or surgical repair
treatment for esophageal stricture in esophageal varices
dilation procedure
protective mucous membrane of the stomach or upper intestinal tract breaks down, making the lining prone to ulceration
gastric and duodenal peptic ulcers
internal surface lesions from gastric and duodenal peptic ulcers can be these 3 things
- acute or chronic
- clustered or singular
- shallow or deep
inflammation of the lining of the stomach
gastritis
bacterial cause of acute gastritis
H. pylori
disease that causes of chronic gastritis
peptic ulcer disease
chronic gastritis can also be caused by a history of chronic disease like ____
pernicious anemia
inflammation of the appendix
acute appendicitis
if appendicitis is untreated, necrosis and rupture can result in _____ which is life-threatening
peritonitis
defect in the diaphragm permitting a segment of the stomach to slide into the thoracic cavity
hiatal hernia
in hiatal hernia, the ____ malfunctions, allowing the contents of the stomach to regurgitate into the esophagus
lower esophageal sphincter muscle (LES)
hiatal hernia can cause this condition
GERD
to treat hiatal hernia, minimize activities that increase ____ such as straining or coughing
intra-abdominal pressure
an organ protrudes through an abnormal opening in the abdominal wall
abdominal hernia
abnormal hernia occurs when an _____ develops in a weak area
abnormal opening
device worn for uncomplicated hernias
truss
chronic, relapsing inflammatory disorder of the GI tract
Crohn’s disease
Chron’s disease is also called _____
regional enteritis
goals of treating Crohn’s involve treating the _____ and maintain remission
acute disease flareups
chronic inflammatory bowel disease affecting the mucosa and submucosa of the rectum/colon
ulcerative colitis
fulminant ulcerative colitis may cause severe complications including ____
perforation
drug treatment for severe ulcerative colitis
anti-TNF (antibodies to tumor necrosis factor)
acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines
gastroenteritis
in gastroenteritis, ___ and ___ fail to rid the body of toxins or large numbers of disease-causing bacteria and viruses
normal bacteria flora and acid secretions
avoid using ____ to treat traveler’s diarrhea as they may delay body’s elimination of organisms
anti-diarrheal agents
mechanical or functional blockage of the intestines; occurs when contents of intestine can’t move forward because of a blockage of the bowel
intestinal obstruction
treatment of mechanical intestinal obstruction may required these 3 procedures
- surgical removal of lesion/blockage
- resection of diseased bowel
- 2nd surgery to take down ostomy and rejoin the bowel
treatment of nonmechanical or functional intestinal obstruction doesn’t usually involve surgery; ____ used in cases of fecal impaction
- manual disimpaction
2. enemas
progressive condition characterized by defects in the muscular wall of the large bowel
diverticulosis or diverticular disease
in diverticulosis, these penetrate weak points in the muscular layer of large intestine
diverticula
treatment of diverticulosis includes diet with adequate fluids and ___ to produce soft, formed stool
roughage
infection of one or more diverticula; not nearly as common as diverticulosis
diverticulitis
diverticulitis when one or more diverticula become ____
inflamed
contributing factors to diverticulitis include lack of ____, inadequate fluid intake, constipation are contributing factors
dietary bulk
acute inflammation with a plaque like adhesion of necrotic debris and mucus adhered to the damaged superficial mucosa of the small and large intestines
pseudomembranous enterocolitis
small bowel fails to absorb nutrients because of inadequate absorptive surface; interferes with digestion and absorption of needed nutrients
short-bowel syndrome
functional bowel disorder characterized by chronic abdominal pain or discomfort, bloating, and erratic dysfunction of bowel habits
irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
IBS incidence increases after ___, which suggests immune or neuro-immune contribution
GI infection
inflammation of the peritoneum; can be acute or chronic and local or generalized
peritonitis
varicose dilations of a vein in the anal canal or the anorectal area
hemorrhoids
in hemorrhoids, veins in the rectal and anal area become ____ as a result of blockage
varicose, swollen, tender
irreversible chronic degenerative disease; slow deterioration of liver resulting in replacement of normal liver cells with hard, fibrous scar tissue
cirrhosis of the liver
2 predisposing conditions to liver cirrhosis
- wilson’s disease
2. hemochromatosis
highly contagious and causes mild acute liver infection; only hep to cause spiking fevers
hep A (HAV)
HAV is also called ____ hepatitis
infectious hepatiits
2 usual results of HAV
- liver function fully recovered
2. lifelong immunity to HAV
in HAV, intramuscular administration of ____ is recommended within 2 weeks of exposure
globulin
more insidious than HAV; aminotransferase levels are higher
hep B (HVB)
many HBV infections are due to ___ or ___
sexual contact; blood exchange from contaminated needles
most at risk for HBV due to accidental inoculation
healthcare providers
drug given to exposed, nonimmune HBV patient
hep B immune globulin (HBIG)
widesperead epidemic; most common blood-borne infection
hep C (HCV)
exposure to hep C is traced to these 4 factors
- blood transfusions
t or f. hep C is cureable
f. incureable
common condition in which there is an abnormal presence of calculi or gallstones that form in the bile
cholelithiasis or gallstones
cholelithiasis form due to insoluble ___ and ____
cholesterol; bile salts
3 risk factors for cholelithiasis
- ileal disease
- alcoholic cirrhosis
- biliary tract infections
___ gallstones are left alone
asymptomatic
acute or chronic inflammation of the gallbladder, associated with obstruction of cystic duct
cholecystitis
surgical treatment for cholecystitis
cholecystectomy
acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas with variable involvement of adjacent and remote organs
acute and chronic pancreatitis
acute pancreatitis occurs when there is an escape of activated pancreatic enzymes from _____ into surrounding tissues
acinar cells
disorder of malnutrition caused by primary deprivation of protein-energy (poverty/self-imposed starvation) or secondary to deficiency diseases (cancer/diabetes)
malnutrition
2 distinct syndromes in protein-energy malnutrition
- kwashiorkor
2. marasmus
deficiency of protein in the presence of adequate energy
kwashiorkor
extreme malnutrition and emaciation caused by combined protein and energy deficiency
marasmus
group of disorders in which intestinal absorption of dietary nutrients is impaired; pts have impaired digestion and unable to absorb fat or other dietary componenents
malabsorption syndrome
main cause of malabsorption syndrome is ____ cells in the small intestine
defective mucosal cells
malabsorption is treated by targeting underlying cause and controlled with a high protein, high calorie diet with these vitamins
vitamins A, D, E and K
toxic or immunologic reaction to a component of gluten; has multisystem effects that can produce serious health problems
celiac disease
pts with celiac disease are more prone to develop these 2 conditions later in life
- abdominal lymphoma
2. cancer
2 other names for celiac disease
- gluten enteropathy
2. celiac sprue
resistant form of celiac diseases is called ____
refractory sprue
treatment for celiac disease involves a lifelong ____ diet to allow the bowel to heal and reverse malabsorption
gluten-free
family of drugs to treat refractory sprue
corticosteroid drugs
illness resulting from eating food containing bacterial toxins and viral, chemical or toxic substances
food poisoning
t or f. in severe cases, patient becomes disabled and becomes life-threatening
t
true food poisoning includes poisoning from mushrooms, shellfish, and food contaminated with ____ substances
poisonous and toxic
other causes of food poisoning include eating food that has undergone these 2 processes
- putrefaction
2. decomposition
eating disorder linked to a psychological disturbance in which hunger is denied by self-imposed starvation resulting from distorted body image; compulsion to be thin
anorexia nervosa
behavioral disorder characterized by recurring episodes of binge eating followed by self-induced vomiting or purging
bulimia
personality traits that are characteristic in patients with bulimia
perfectionist trait
anorexia is associated with these 2 mental illnesses
- depression
2. anxiety
bulimia is associated with these 2 mental illnesses
- depression
2. compulsion
loss of equilibrium experienced during motion; nausea and vomiting when riding transportation
motion sickness
in motion sickness, fluid in the ____ of the ears become dislocated because of motion
semicircular canals
treatment for motion sickness involves sitting in a vehicle in position that has the least amount of ___ and where the patient can see the ____
motion; horizon
