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Biology 1201: Organisms and Diversity > organisms and diversity final exam > Flashcards

organisms and diversity final exam Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 6 characteristics of life?

A
  1. Life maintains homeostasis
  2. Life requires energy (metabolism)
  3. Life reproduces and develops
  4. Life adapts
  5. Life has organization
  6. Life responds to the environment
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2
Q

What is binomial nomenclature?

A 
Genus species
Genus is capitalized
Species is lowercase
The name is italicized or under lined
Example) Homo sapiens
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3
Q

who proposed the evolutionary mechanism of Natural Selection?

A

Charles Darwin

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4
Q

Levels of Classification from least specific to most specific

A 
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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5
Q

what is a scientific theory?

A

A concept that is supported by a broad range of observations, experiments, and data, often from a variety of disciplines.

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6
Q

what did Stan Miller’s test try to explain?

A

That organic molecules could be formed in the presence of outside energy sources using atmospheric gases.

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7
Q

The Endosymbiotic theory

A
  • The present day mitochondria and chloroplasts have sizes that lies within the range of that for bacteria
  • The outer membrane of mitochondria and chloroplast differ- the outer membrane resembles that of a eukaryotic cell and the inner membrane resembles that of a bacteria cell.
  • Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and make some of their own proteins.
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8
Q

Continental Drift

A

explains the unique distribution of fossils, coast lines that mirror images of other coast lines and interesting mammalian evolution of marsupials in Australia

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9
Q

what was the first cell to come into existence and how long ago?

A

look up

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10
Q

do liposomes exist?

A

yes

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11
Q

what does LUCA stand for?

A

Last Common Universal Ancestor

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12
Q

who was Carl Linnaeus

A

a Swedish botanist who classified organisms in Latin and devised binomial nomenclature

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13
Q

What level of organization includes living and non living things?

A

ecosystem

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14
Q

what did the “New Carl” Carl Woese use rRNA sequences for?

A

propose a 3 domain classification system

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15
Q

what period were the dinosaurs alive?

A

Jurassic period

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16
Q

what are the levels of organization

A

atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organs, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere.

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17
Q

example of adaptive radition

A

a Galapagos Island contain 13 finch species, each is adapted to their particular niche, and all of which evolved from a single population

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18
Q

what are the 4 eras of geological times?

A

Cenozoic, Precambrian, Mesozoic, Paleozoic

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19
Q

examples of post zygotic isolation

A

a horse and donkey produce a sterile offspring
seeds from hybrid tomatoes are unable to produce more tomatoes
eggs laid by female Drosophila melanogaster that are fertilized by a male D. diamipes fail to develop into larvae.

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20
Q

who else proposed natural selection

A

wallace

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21
Q

artificial selection

A

fake

breeding dogs from wolves

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22
Q

eukaryotic cell

A

-mitochondria in eukaryotic cells were free-living bacteria that synthesized ATP via an electron transport chain
-originated from about 2.1 BYA
obtains energy from cellular metabolism in the presnce of oxygen

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23
Q

what must a population have in order to have natural selection

A

inheritable variation

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24
Q

kingdom plantae

A

multi cellular and photoautotrophic

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25
Q

what is the basic unit of all life

A

cells

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26
Q

prezygotic isolating mechanisms

A

habitat isolation
temporal isolation
mechanism isolation

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27
Q

shared ancestral character

A

is one that is the common ancestor and all members of a group

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28
Q

convergent eveolution

A

when similar biological traits evolve in unrelated species due to similar environmental constraints

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29
Q

analogous traits

A

similar traits that evolve independently in unrelated species

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30
Q

homologous traits

A

traits that do share a same ancestor

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31
Q

coevoltuion

A

when species evolve together such that one influences the other

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32
Q

recent common ancestry

A

similarities between living things

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33
Q

ancient common ancestry

A

dissimilarities between living things.

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34
Q

what are the 3 parts of a plant

A

root, stem, and leaves

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35
Q

plants give what off and take what in?

A

plants give off oxygen and water, and take in Carbon dioxide

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36
Q

soils are a mixture of what particles

A

sand, silt, and clay

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37
Q

what is the Pressure-Flow Model pf Phloem Transport?

A
  • Sieve tubes within a phloem from a continuous pathway for organic nutrient transport
  • Sucrose is actively transported into phloem a the leaves
  • water flows by osmosis, creating positive pressure
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38
Q

what stimuli do plants react to?

A

gravity, carbon dioxide levels, drought

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39
Q

what is a protist?

A

a eukayotic organism that shares certain morphological and physiological characteristics with animals or plants, or both

  • Cannot be classifies as animals or plants because the lack at least one key characteristic
  • Classified in the domain Eukarya live in any environment that contains water.
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40
Q

Plasmodium

A

a protist responsible for one of the most serious human disease which infect 35-500 million people each year and kill over a million people annually.

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41
Q

what disease does plasmodium cause?

A

malaria

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42
Q

how is malaria transmitted

A

by mosquito

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43
Q

what was the 1840 irish potato famine caused by

A

a water mold parasite on potatoes

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44
Q

what does protostome mean?

A

mouth develops first

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45
Q

what is a fruit

A

a mature ovary

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46
Q

what is LEAFY

A

a gene responsible for the ability of flowering plants to bloom every year

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47
Q

why did Mendel use pea plants for his experiment

A
  • could be cross-pollinated by hand
  • easy to cultivate
  • short generation time
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48
Q

choanflagellates

A

based odd the colonial flagellate hypothesis, this is the ancestor of animals.

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49
Q

hox genes

A

cluster of genes responsible for animal body plan

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50
Q

the filial generation

A

first generation F1

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51
Q

Facts about cynobacteria

A
  • photosynthetic gram-negative bacteria
  • responsible for introducing oxygen into the primitive atmosphere
  • classifies under blue-green algae
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52
Q

Monocots

A

flower parts arranged in multiples of 4 or 5

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53
Q

Meristem

A

plant cells that are undifferentiated cells that are able to divide indefinitely and gives rise to many types of undifferentiated cells

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54
Q

Cohesion-Tension model

A
  • a continuous water column moves passively upward due to transpiration of water through leaf stomata
  • waxy cuticle prevent water loss when stomata are closed
  • water enters through root to xylem passively by osmosis and is pulled upward due to tension in xylem
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55
Q

how many genes are responsible for the difference between annuals and perennial?

A

2

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56
Q

what are the 3 vegetative organs of a typical plant?

A

roots, stem, leaves

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57
Q

functions of auxin

A

apical dominance, promotes growth of roots and fruit, and promotes positive photautrophism of stems

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58
Q

what is one mechanism or target for antiboiotics

A

cell wall biosynthesis

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59
Q

what is a fruit growth hormone

A

gibberellins

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60
Q

what are 2 characteristics of prokaryotes

A

major genetic recombination occurs by conjugation and transformation

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61
Q

Trichomonas

A

a flagellated protist that is sexually transmitted

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62
Q

Rhizopus stolonifera

A

is a mold that grows on bread

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63
Q

rotifer

A

lives in ponds and are named for the crown of cilia that resembles a rotating wheel. They use this to move and ingest organisms.

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64
Q

what supergroup are animals and fungi in?

A

opisthokonta

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65
Q

how are fungi differentiated into the 6 fungal phyla?

A

according to their life cycle and the type of structure they use to produce spores

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66
Q

chitin

A

the major component of arthropods exoskelton

a glucose dervative is also found in the walls of fungi

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67
Q

what is the largest living thing in the world

A

a fungus

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68
Q

fungi can have mutualistic relationships with whom?

A

leaf clusters of ants, roots of plants, cynbacteria

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69
Q

penicillin

A

medicine produces by the fungus Talaromyces

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70
Q

cephalization

A

is the localization of the brain and sensory organs at the anterior end is called this

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71
Q

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

A

is known as the father of microbiology

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72
Q

bio luminescence

A

the ability to produce light

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73
Q

secondary xylem

A

wood that builds up year after year

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74
Q

phloem

A

transports sucrose and other organic compounds from the leaves to the roots.

75
Q

what were the 2 most famous laws that Greg Mendal proposed?

A

Law of Independent Assortment

Law of Segregation

76
Q

what 3 tissues do meristem cells give rise to?

A

epidermal tissue, ground tissue, vascular tissue

77
Q

how do humans make use of stems

A

wood is used to produce paper and building materials

78
Q

Tap root

A

fleshy, long single root, and grows straight down

79
Q

what type of plant has a flower parts that are arranged in multiples of 3

A

monocots

80
Q

what are tissues

A

collection of specialized cells of the same or a similar type that perform a common function in the body.

81
Q

what are 3 tissue types

A

epithelial, muscular, and nervous

82
Q

3 types of connective tissues

A

fibrous, fluid and supportive

83
Q

2 dense fibrous connective tissues

A

tendons and ligaments

84
Q

where can smooth muscle be found

A

blood vessel walls

85
Q

what are 2 functions of the Nervous sytem

A

????

send stimuli, retain data

86
Q

abdominal cavity

A

contains the stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas, and intestines

87
Q

Integumentary system parts

A

hair follicles, sweat glands, skin

88
Q

what causes the most skin cancer

A

UV radiation

89
Q

3 functions of the digestive system

A

ingests food, break food into smaller molecules, secretes nutrients for the body
eliminates indigestible remians

90
Q

what is the pH of stomach

A

2

91
Q

what are the functions of the liver

A

????

detoxification of the blood, regulation of blood glucose levels, production of urea

92
Q

what are 3 functions of the kidney to keep homeostasis

A 
practice osmoregualtion,
helps balance pH levels
releases hormones
excretion of metabolic wastes
maintenance of acid base balance
93
Q

what type of animal are cattle

A

herbivores

94
Q

salivary amylase

A

starch digestion

95
Q

persistalsis

A

Rhythmical contraction to move contents in tubular organs

96
Q

stapese

A

a part of the middle ear, is the smallest bone in the human body

97
Q

all vertebrates have

A

a brain that controls the nervous sytem

98
Q

red blood cells don’t have a

A

nucleus

99
Q

in humans, blood must go thorugh

A

the lungs in order to pass from the right side to the left side of the heart.

100
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

takes o2-poor blood to the lungs, returning o2 rich blood to the heart

101
Q

Gravitational equilibrium

A

mechanorecpetors in utricle and saccule detect straight-line movement of the head in any direction (usually up down)

102
Q

metagenomics

A

is a technique to study the microbial DNA present in a sample to identify and characterize the microbes present.

103
Q

Systemic circuit

A

takes O2 rich blood from the heart to tissues throughout the body, returning O2 poor blood to the heart

104
Q

cones

A

permit vision in bright light

105
Q

microbiome

A

is the microbial DNA that is isolated from a surface/person

106
Q

Sensory tranduction

A

is conversion of stimulus occurring in the environment into a nerve impulse.

107
Q

Rotational equilibrium

A

deals with angular (left right) movements of the head

108
Q

rods

A

permit vision in low light

109
Q

dentires

A

receive signals from sensory receptors or other neurons

110
Q

Cephalization

A

a concentration of the ganglia and sensory receptors in the head (anterior region)

111
Q

Perception

A

is any sensory stimuli of which humans become conscious of

112
Q

What is HEART DIGNOSIS

A

ECG

113
Q

what are the 5 primary tatses

A

sweet, salty, umami, sour, bitter

114
Q

what are functions of the nervous system

A

data integration, motor output, sensory input

115
Q

agglutination

A

?????

116
Q

dermis

A

region of the skin where nerve fibors are located

117
Q

Small aquatic organism

A

organism where each cell gets exposed to water and can independently exchange gases and eliminate wastes.

118
Q

facts about closed circulatory system

A

heart pumps blood into capillaries

119
Q

120/80 or 120 over 80 represents what

A

systolic and diastolic pressures

120
Q

what animals has a completely closed pulmonary and systemic circuit for their cardiovascular system

A

finches

121
Q

angina pectoris

A

disease of the cardiovascular system involves a painful squeezing sensation due to partial blockage of a coronary artery

122
Q

where is hemoglobin (iron part of blood) stored

A

red blood cells

123
Q

how are leukocytes divided

A

by presence or absence of cytoplasmic granules

124
Q

basophil

A

leukocyte responsible for most allergic reaction

125
Q

3 main parts of a vertebrate brain

A

hind brain, fore brain, midbrian

126
Q

facts about the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

responsible for integration of nerve impulses, includes the spinal chord, has 3 division, sympathetic, parasympathetic and exosympathetic

127
Q

functions of the blood

A

immune defense, nutrient ans waste transportation, hometstais

128
Q

how do nerve impulses travel between neurons

A

electrical impulse to chemical impulse to electrical impulse

129
Q

what causes blind spot in th ehumaneye

A

location where optic nerve exists retina

130
Q

macular degeneration

A

condition is the leading cause of blindness for people in the US under 65

131
Q

why do you notice your auditory tube when you fly in an airplane

A

it permits equalization of air pressure

132
Q

vertigo

A

the feeling that a person or their environment is moving when no motion is occuring

133
Q

allergies

A

hypersensitivities to substances that ordinarily would not harm the body

134
Q

examples of dissaccharides

A

lactose

135
Q

steroid and peptides speeds

A

steroids act more slowly but last longer than peptides

136
Q

incomplete digestive tract

A

has one opening for entrance of food and exit for wastes

137
Q

lymphatic and circulatory system both

A

flow in one direction

138
Q

the order of air flow from the mouth

A

oral cavity, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli

139
Q

what happens if a person kidney stops secreting normal hormones

A

the person would have trouble regulating their blood volume and pressure due to the imbalance of salt in the blood stream

140
Q

B cells

A

-develop and mature in the bone marrow
carry receptor molecules on their cell surfaces
change into plasma cell after encountering and antigen and then produce antibodies

141
Q

examples of innate immunity

A

sentinel cells circulate and engulf bacteria and toxins

142
Q

what does epinephrine do? (look up)

A

quickening the hear beat

strengthens the force of the hearts contraction

143
Q

what gland has 2 parts that play a major role in the secretion of hormones

A

pituitary gland

144
Q

exchange of gases occurs in the lungs because of what key properties

A

the alveoli have a higher partial pressure of oxygen and a lower partial pressure of CO2 than the blood in the pulmonary capillaries which allows oxygen to flow into blood while CO2 is pulled out from the blood into the alveoli

145
Q

addison diesease

A

salt cravings, changes in mood or personality, joint and muscle pains, insufficient secretion of hormones by adrenal cortex with dehydration, weakness, weight loos, and hypotension

146
Q

when blood enters the pulmonary arteriole its is

A

low oxygen, high carbon dioxide and wastes XXXX

147
Q

corticoid hormes

A

balance stress respose, energy flow, body temp, wataer balance, and other essential procesess

148
Q

what are the 2 types of corticoids

A

glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

149
Q

what are the parts of NEPHRONE

A

GLOMERULAR CAPSULE (Bowman’s Capsule)
GLOMERULUS
LOOP OF THE NEPHRON (loop of Henle)

150
Q

what role does dentition play in the digestive system

A

shreds plant materials in mouth

151
Q

what antibody is responsible for allergies

A

igE

152
Q

Insulin

A

excreted by pancreatic islets and lowers blood glucose levels

153
Q

Glucagon

A

break down glycogen

154
Q

functions of the lymphatic system

A

Lymphatic capillaries take up and return excess fluid to the blood stream
Lymphatic system produces, maintains, and distributes lymphocytes

155
Q

what gland excretes melatonin

A

pineal gland

156
Q

where is chyme?

A

stomach

157
Q

what is the largest gland in the body

A

liver

158
Q

what is the only known organ in the body that can regenate

A

liver

159
Q

Urea

A

adult amphibians, sharks, and mammals break down of amino acids and nucleic acids into a form of this ammonia

160
Q

what organ does Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) target

A

kidney

161
Q

what organ does oxytocin target

A

uterus

162
Q

what organ does growth hormone

A

bones

163
Q

what organ does Gonadotropic hormone

A

ovaries, testes

164
Q

what organ does thyroid-stimulating hormone

A

thyroid

165
Q

patients with diabetes mellitus have frequent urination and increased thirst bc

A

increased glucose in the urine increases its osmolarity and less water is reabsorbes by blood

166
Q

endocrine system facts

A

secrete products directly into the bloodstream, coordinate body activities through the secretion of hormones

167
Q

for external respiration to be effective, gas-exchange regions must be

A

moist, large in relation to body size, thin

168
Q

gills of bony fish are

A

outward extensions of phaynx

169
Q

Flame cells in planarian, nephridia in earth worms and malpighian tubules in insects all function similar to what human organ

A

Kindey

170
Q

why do autoimmune diseases develop

A

cytotoxic T cells or antibodies mistakenly attack the body’s own cells or molecules
Genetic tendency to develop autoimmune diseases
Certain antigens or microbial pathogens can resemble host antigens (molecular mimicry)

171
Q

Natural killers

A

destroy virus infected cells and cancer cells

large, granular lymphocytes

172
Q

The rythm of ventilation is controlled by a respiratory center in what part of the brain

A

medulla oblongata

173
Q

cellular slime molds

A

is helping scientists better understand the evolution of the immune system because they have a unique feature during their life cycle

174
Q

what are potential symptoms of a person who is suffering from anaphylactic shock

A

the release of a massive amount of histamine within the blood stream

175
Q

examples of antibodies

A

IgE, IgA, IgG

176
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

is caused by a defective gene results in accumulation of mucus secretions in the lungs

177
Q

what are the 3 steps to adaptive immune defense

A

response, recognition, memory

178
Q

what orgaims has evolved lungs

A

whales

179
Q

respiration

A

a sequence of events that results in gas exchange between the body’s cells and the environment

180
Q

inspiration in mammals is the act of moving air into the lungs. During inspiration, what happens to lung air volume

A

increase

181
Q

during inspiration, what happens to the diaphragm

A

contracts and moves down

182
Q

During inspiration what happens to the air pressure

A

pressure decreases

183
Q

during inspiration what happens to the ribs

A

moves up and out

184
Q

Anabolic steroid use

A

causes reduced testiculoar size, low sperm count and impotency in males and in women increased size of ovaries, cessation of ovulation and menstruation

Biology 1201: Organisms and Diversity (20 decks)

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