organisms and diversity final exam Flashcards
what are the 6 characteristics of life?
- Life maintains homeostasis
- Life requires energy (metabolism)
- Life reproduces and develops
- Life adapts
- Life has organization
- Life responds to the environment
What is binomial nomenclature?
Genus species Genus is capitalized Species is lowercase The name is italicized or under lined Example) Homo sapiens
who proposed the evolutionary mechanism of Natural Selection?
Charles Darwin
Levels of Classification from least specific to most specific
Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
what is a scientific theory?
A concept that is supported by a broad range of observations, experiments, and data, often from a variety of disciplines.
what did Stan Miller’s test try to explain?
That organic molecules could be formed in the presence of outside energy sources using atmospheric gases.
The Endosymbiotic theory
- The present day mitochondria and chloroplasts have sizes that lies within the range of that for bacteria
- The outer membrane of mitochondria and chloroplast differ- the outer membrane resembles that of a eukaryotic cell and the inner membrane resembles that of a bacteria cell.
- Mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own DNA and make some of their own proteins.
Continental Drift
explains the unique distribution of fossils, coast lines that mirror images of other coast lines and interesting mammalian evolution of marsupials in Australia
what was the first cell to come into existence and how long ago?
look up
do liposomes exist?
yes
what does LUCA stand for?
Last Common Universal Ancestor
who was Carl Linnaeus
a Swedish botanist who classified organisms in Latin and devised binomial nomenclature
What level of organization includes living and non living things?
ecosystem
what did the “New Carl” Carl Woese use rRNA sequences for?
propose a 3 domain classification system
what period were the dinosaurs alive?
Jurassic period
what are the levels of organization
atom, molecule, cell, tissue, organs, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere.
example of adaptive radition
a Galapagos Island contain 13 finch species, each is adapted to their particular niche, and all of which evolved from a single population
what are the 4 eras of geological times?
Cenozoic, Precambrian, Mesozoic, Paleozoic
examples of post zygotic isolation
a horse and donkey produce a sterile offspring
seeds from hybrid tomatoes are unable to produce more tomatoes
eggs laid by female Drosophila melanogaster that are fertilized by a male D. diamipes fail to develop into larvae.
who else proposed natural selection
wallace
artificial selection
fake
breeding dogs from wolves
eukaryotic cell
-mitochondria in eukaryotic cells were free-living bacteria that synthesized ATP via an electron transport chain
-originated from about 2.1 BYA
obtains energy from cellular metabolism in the presnce of oxygen
what must a population have in order to have natural selection
inheritable variation
kingdom plantae
multi cellular and photoautotrophic
what is the basic unit of all life
cells
prezygotic isolating mechanisms
habitat isolation
temporal isolation
mechanism isolation
shared ancestral character
is one that is the common ancestor and all members of a group
convergent eveolution
when similar biological traits evolve in unrelated species due to similar environmental constraints
analogous traits
similar traits that evolve independently in unrelated species
homologous traits
traits that do share a same ancestor
coevoltuion
when species evolve together such that one influences the other
recent common ancestry
similarities between living things
ancient common ancestry
dissimilarities between living things.
what are the 3 parts of a plant
root, stem, and leaves
plants give what off and take what in?
plants give off oxygen and water, and take in Carbon dioxide
soils are a mixture of what particles
sand, silt, and clay
what is the Pressure-Flow Model pf Phloem Transport?
- Sieve tubes within a phloem from a continuous pathway for organic nutrient transport
- Sucrose is actively transported into phloem a the leaves
- water flows by osmosis, creating positive pressure
what stimuli do plants react to?
gravity, carbon dioxide levels, drought
what is a protist?
a eukayotic organism that shares certain morphological and physiological characteristics with animals or plants, or both
- Cannot be classifies as animals or plants because the lack at least one key characteristic
- Classified in the domain Eukarya live in any environment that contains water.
Plasmodium
a protist responsible for one of the most serious human disease which infect 35-500 million people each year and kill over a million people annually.
what disease does plasmodium cause?
malaria
how is malaria transmitted
by mosquito
what was the 1840 irish potato famine caused by
a water mold parasite on potatoes
what does protostome mean?
mouth develops first
what is a fruit
a mature ovary
what is LEAFY
a gene responsible for the ability of flowering plants to bloom every year
why did Mendel use pea plants for his experiment
- could be cross-pollinated by hand
- easy to cultivate
- short generation time
choanflagellates
based odd the colonial flagellate hypothesis, this is the ancestor of animals.
hox genes
cluster of genes responsible for animal body plan
the filial generation
first generation F1
Facts about cynobacteria
- photosynthetic gram-negative bacteria
- responsible for introducing oxygen into the primitive atmosphere
- classifies under blue-green algae
Monocots
flower parts arranged in multiples of 4 or 5
Meristem
plant cells that are undifferentiated cells that are able to divide indefinitely and gives rise to many types of undifferentiated cells
Cohesion-Tension model
- a continuous water column moves passively upward due to transpiration of water through leaf stomata
- waxy cuticle prevent water loss when stomata are closed
- water enters through root to xylem passively by osmosis and is pulled upward due to tension in xylem
how many genes are responsible for the difference between annuals and perennial?
2
what are the 3 vegetative organs of a typical plant?
roots, stem, leaves
functions of auxin
apical dominance, promotes growth of roots and fruit, and promotes positive photautrophism of stems
what is one mechanism or target for antiboiotics
cell wall biosynthesis
what is a fruit growth hormone
gibberellins
what are 2 characteristics of prokaryotes
major genetic recombination occurs by conjugation and transformation
Trichomonas
a flagellated protist that is sexually transmitted
Rhizopus stolonifera
is a mold that grows on bread
rotifer
lives in ponds and are named for the crown of cilia that resembles a rotating wheel. They use this to move and ingest organisms.
what supergroup are animals and fungi in?
opisthokonta
how are fungi differentiated into the 6 fungal phyla?
according to their life cycle and the type of structure they use to produce spores
chitin
the major component of arthropods exoskelton
a glucose dervative is also found in the walls of fungi
what is the largest living thing in the world
a fungus
fungi can have mutualistic relationships with whom?
leaf clusters of ants, roots of plants, cynbacteria
penicillin
medicine produces by the fungus Talaromyces
cephalization
is the localization of the brain and sensory organs at the anterior end is called this
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
is known as the father of microbiology
bio luminescence
the ability to produce light
secondary xylem
wood that builds up year after year
phloem
transports sucrose and other organic compounds from the leaves to the roots.
what were the 2 most famous laws that Greg Mendal proposed?
Law of Independent Assortment
Law of Segregation
what 3 tissues do meristem cells give rise to?
epidermal tissue, ground tissue, vascular tissue
how do humans make use of stems
wood is used to produce paper and building materials
Tap root
fleshy, long single root, and grows straight down
what type of plant has a flower parts that are arranged in multiples of 3
monocots
what are tissues
collection of specialized cells of the same or a similar type that perform a common function in the body.
what are 3 tissue types
epithelial, muscular, and nervous
3 types of connective tissues
fibrous, fluid and supportive
2 dense fibrous connective tissues
tendons and ligaments
where can smooth muscle be found
blood vessel walls
what are 2 functions of the Nervous sytem
????
send stimuli, retain data
abdominal cavity
contains the stomach, liver, spleen, pancreas, and intestines
Integumentary system parts
hair follicles, sweat glands, skin
what causes the most skin cancer
UV radiation
3 functions of the digestive system
ingests food, break food into smaller molecules, secretes nutrients for the body
eliminates indigestible remians
what is the pH of stomach
2
what are the functions of the liver
????
detoxification of the blood, regulation of blood glucose levels, production of urea
what are 3 functions of the kidney to keep homeostasis
practice osmoregualtion, helps balance pH levels releases hormones excretion of metabolic wastes maintenance of acid base balance
what type of animal are cattle
herbivores
salivary amylase
starch digestion
persistalsis
Rhythmical contraction to move contents in tubular organs
stapese
a part of the middle ear, is the smallest bone in the human body
all vertebrates have
a brain that controls the nervous sytem
red blood cells don’t have a
nucleus
in humans, blood must go thorugh
the lungs in order to pass from the right side to the left side of the heart.
pulmonary circuit
takes o2-poor blood to the lungs, returning o2 rich blood to the heart
Gravitational equilibrium
mechanorecpetors in utricle and saccule detect straight-line movement of the head in any direction (usually up down)
metagenomics
is a technique to study the microbial DNA present in a sample to identify and characterize the microbes present.
Systemic circuit
takes O2 rich blood from the heart to tissues throughout the body, returning O2 poor blood to the heart
cones
permit vision in bright light
microbiome
is the microbial DNA that is isolated from a surface/person
Sensory tranduction
is conversion of stimulus occurring in the environment into a nerve impulse.
Rotational equilibrium
deals with angular (left right) movements of the head
rods
permit vision in low light
dentires
receive signals from sensory receptors or other neurons
Cephalization
a concentration of the ganglia and sensory receptors in the head (anterior region)
Perception
is any sensory stimuli of which humans become conscious of
What is HEART DIGNOSIS
ECG
what are the 5 primary tatses
sweet, salty, umami, sour, bitter
what are functions of the nervous system
data integration, motor output, sensory input
agglutination
?????
dermis
region of the skin where nerve fibors are located
Small aquatic organism
organism where each cell gets exposed to water and can independently exchange gases and eliminate wastes.
facts about closed circulatory system
heart pumps blood into capillaries
120/80 or 120 over 80 represents what
systolic and diastolic pressures
what animals has a completely closed pulmonary and systemic circuit for their cardiovascular system
finches
angina pectoris
disease of the cardiovascular system involves a painful squeezing sensation due to partial blockage of a coronary artery
where is hemoglobin (iron part of blood) stored
red blood cells
how are leukocytes divided
by presence or absence of cytoplasmic granules
basophil
leukocyte responsible for most allergic reaction
3 main parts of a vertebrate brain
hind brain, fore brain, midbrian
facts about the peripheral nervous system (PNS)
responsible for integration of nerve impulses, includes the spinal chord, has 3 division, sympathetic, parasympathetic and exosympathetic
functions of the blood
immune defense, nutrient ans waste transportation, hometstais
how do nerve impulses travel between neurons
electrical impulse to chemical impulse to electrical impulse
what causes blind spot in th ehumaneye
location where optic nerve exists retina
macular degeneration
condition is the leading cause of blindness for people in the US under 65
why do you notice your auditory tube when you fly in an airplane
it permits equalization of air pressure
vertigo
the feeling that a person or their environment is moving when no motion is occuring
allergies
hypersensitivities to substances that ordinarily would not harm the body
examples of dissaccharides
lactose
steroid and peptides speeds
steroids act more slowly but last longer than peptides
incomplete digestive tract
has one opening for entrance of food and exit for wastes
lymphatic and circulatory system both
flow in one direction
the order of air flow from the mouth
oral cavity, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
what happens if a person kidney stops secreting normal hormones
the person would have trouble regulating their blood volume and pressure due to the imbalance of salt in the blood stream
B cells
-develop and mature in the bone marrow
carry receptor molecules on their cell surfaces
change into plasma cell after encountering and antigen and then produce antibodies
examples of innate immunity
sentinel cells circulate and engulf bacteria and toxins
what does epinephrine do? (look up)
quickening the hear beat
strengthens the force of the hearts contraction
what gland has 2 parts that play a major role in the secretion of hormones
pituitary gland
exchange of gases occurs in the lungs because of what key properties
the alveoli have a higher partial pressure of oxygen and a lower partial pressure of CO2 than the blood in the pulmonary capillaries which allows oxygen to flow into blood while CO2 is pulled out from the blood into the alveoli
addison diesease
salt cravings, changes in mood or personality, joint and muscle pains, insufficient secretion of hormones by adrenal cortex with dehydration, weakness, weight loos, and hypotension
when blood enters the pulmonary arteriole its is
low oxygen, high carbon dioxide and wastes XXXX
corticoid hormes
balance stress respose, energy flow, body temp, wataer balance, and other essential procesess
what are the 2 types of corticoids
glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids
what are the parts of NEPHRONE
GLOMERULAR CAPSULE (Bowman’s Capsule)
GLOMERULUS
LOOP OF THE NEPHRON (loop of Henle)
what role does dentition play in the digestive system
shreds plant materials in mouth
what antibody is responsible for allergies
igE
Insulin
excreted by pancreatic islets and lowers blood glucose levels
Glucagon
break down glycogen
functions of the lymphatic system
Lymphatic capillaries take up and return excess fluid to the blood stream
Lymphatic system produces, maintains, and distributes lymphocytes
what gland excretes melatonin
pineal gland
where is chyme?
stomach
what is the largest gland in the body
liver
what is the only known organ in the body that can regenate
liver
Urea
adult amphibians, sharks, and mammals break down of amino acids and nucleic acids into a form of this ammonia
what organ does Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) target
kidney
what organ does oxytocin target
uterus
what organ does growth hormone
bones
what organ does Gonadotropic hormone
ovaries, testes
what organ does thyroid-stimulating hormone
thyroid
patients with diabetes mellitus have frequent urination and increased thirst bc
increased glucose in the urine increases its osmolarity and less water is reabsorbes by blood
endocrine system facts
secrete products directly into the bloodstream, coordinate body activities through the secretion of hormones
for external respiration to be effective, gas-exchange regions must be
moist, large in relation to body size, thin
gills of bony fish are
outward extensions of phaynx
Flame cells in planarian, nephridia in earth worms and malpighian tubules in insects all function similar to what human organ
Kindey
why do autoimmune diseases develop
cytotoxic T cells or antibodies mistakenly attack the body’s own cells or molecules
Genetic tendency to develop autoimmune diseases
Certain antigens or microbial pathogens can resemble host antigens (molecular mimicry)
Natural killers
destroy virus infected cells and cancer cells
large, granular lymphocytes
The rythm of ventilation is controlled by a respiratory center in what part of the brain
medulla oblongata
cellular slime molds
is helping scientists better understand the evolution of the immune system because they have a unique feature during their life cycle
what are potential symptoms of a person who is suffering from anaphylactic shock
the release of a massive amount of histamine within the blood stream
examples of antibodies
IgE, IgA, IgG
cystic fibrosis
is caused by a defective gene results in accumulation of mucus secretions in the lungs
what are the 3 steps to adaptive immune defense
response, recognition, memory
what orgaims has evolved lungs
whales
respiration
a sequence of events that results in gas exchange between the body’s cells and the environment
inspiration in mammals is the act of moving air into the lungs. During inspiration, what happens to lung air volume
increase
during inspiration, what happens to the diaphragm
contracts and moves down
During inspiration what happens to the air pressure
pressure decreases
during inspiration what happens to the ribs
moves up and out
Anabolic steroid use
causes reduced testiculoar size, low sperm count and impotency in males and in women increased size of ovaries, cessation of ovulation and menstruation
