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Biology 1201: Organisms and Diversity > chapter 32 pp > Flashcards

chapter 32 pp Flashcards

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1
Q

Small aquatic animals with no circulatory system

A

Each cell is exposed to water and can independently exchange gases and eliminate wastes.

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2
Q

Pseudocoelomates

A

“false cavity”

Use the coelomic fluid of their body cavity as a means of transporting substances

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3
Q

Coelomate echinoderms

A

: double lined gut cavity
Also rely on movement of coelomic fluid within a body cavity as a circulatory system
May still rely on body fluids for the purpose of locomotion

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4
Q

Two types of circulatory fluids

A

Blood – contained within blood vessels

Hemolymph – mixture of blood and tissue fluid that fills the body cavity and surrounds internal organs

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5
Q

Open Circulatory System

A

They were first to evolve.
The heart pumps hemolymph via vessels.
Vessels empty into tissue spaces.
Hemolymph drains back into heart

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6
Q

Closed Circulatory System

A

Most cells in the body aren’t far from a capillary.
Heart pumps blood to capillaries.
Gases and materials diffuse to and from nearby cells.
Vessels return blood to the heart without contact between blood and tissues.

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7
Q

cardiovascular system.

A

All vertebrates have a closed circulatory system

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8
Q

Vertebrate heart

A

Atria of the heart receives blood from general circulation

Ventricles of the heart pump blood out through blood vessels

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9
Q

Vertebrate vessels

A

arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

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10
Q

Arteries

A

Carry blood away from heart

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11
Q

Arterioles

A

Small arteries which lead to capillaries

Diameters are regulated by nervous and endocrine systems (ex. Temp. control).

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12
Q

Capillaries

A

Exchange materials with tissue fluid (interstitial)

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13
Q

Venules

A

Join to form a vein

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14
Q

Veins

A

Return blood to heart

Both venules and veins collect blood from capillary beds

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15
Q

fish

A

Blood flows in single loop

Single atrium and single ventricle

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16
Q

Amphibians

A

Blood flows in double loop
Systemic circuit and pulmonary circuit
Two atria with a single ventricle

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17
Q

Most reptiles

A

A septum partially divides the ventricle
Mixing of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood is kept to a minimum.
In crocodilians, septum completely separates the ventricle.

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18
Q

Birds and mammals

A

Blood flows in a double loop (two circuits)

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19
Q

Birds and mammals types of circuits in circulatory system

A

The heart is also divided by septum into separate sides.
Right ventricle pumps blood to lungs; left ventricle pumps blood to rest of body.
Blood pressure is adequate for both pulmonary and systemic circuits.

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20
Q

The Human Heart

A

Fist-sized
Located between lungs directly behind sternum (breastbone)
Muscular organ (cardiac fibers)
Lies within a membranous sac (the pericardium)

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21
Q

vessels

A

c

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22
Q

The septum

A

separates the heart into left and right sides.

Each side has two chambers.

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23
Q

atria in the human heart

A

Upper two chambers are the atria
Thin-walled
Receive blood from circulation

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24
Q

ventricles in the human heart

A

Lower two chambers are the ventricles
Thick-walled
Pump blood away from heart

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25
Q

Valves

Types of valves

A

open and close to control blood flow through the heart.

  1. Atrioventricular valves
  2. Semilunar valves
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26
Q

Atrioventricular valves

A

Tricuspid valve between right atrium and ventricle

Bicuspid valve between left atrium and ventricle

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27
Q

Semilunar valves

A

Pulmonary semilunar valve between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Aortic semilunar valve between left ventricle and aorta

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28
Q

Systole

A

Contraction of heart chambers

29
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation of heart chambers

30
Q

Cardiac cycle

A

Two-part pumping action that takes about a second

31
Q

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

A

A recording of electrical changes that occurs in the myocardium during cardiac cycle

32
Q

The human cardiovascular system includes two major circular pathways:

A

Pulmonary Circuit

Systemic Circuit

33
Q

Systemic Circuit

A

Takes O2-rich blood from the heart to tissues throughout the body, returning O2-poor blood to the heart through the venae cavae

34
Q

Pulmonary Circuit

A

Takes O2-poor blood to the lungs, returning O2-rich blood to the heart

35
Q

portal system

A

blood from capillaries goes through veins to another set of capillaries without traveling first through the heart.
Example: hepatic portal system takes blood from intestines directly to the liver

36
Q

Blood Pressure

A

Contraction of the heart supplies pressure that keeps blood moving in the arteries.
Normally measured with a sphygmomanometer on the brachial artery, an artery on the upper arm.
Example: 120/80, represents systolic and diastolic pressures

37
Q

Systolic pressure

A

results from blood forced into the arteries during ventricular systole.

38
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

is the pressure in the arteries during ventricular diastole.

39
Q

how is blood pressure measured

A

Blood pressure Is measured in millimeters (mm) of mercury.

40
Q

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

A

Leading cause of death in most Western countries

41
Q

Hypertension

A

High blood pressure
30% of Americans are sufferers
Caused by narrowing of arteries due to atherosclerosis

42
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Accumulation of fatty materials between the inner linings of arteries
Deposits are called plaque
A clot, called a thrombus, may form on an arterial wall

43
Q

Stroke

A

A disruption of blood supply to the brain

Results when a cranial arteriole bursts or is blocked by an embolus

44
Q

Angina pectoris

A

Painful squeezing sensation from myocardial oxygen insufficiency due to partial blockage of a coronary artery

45
Q

Heart attack (myocardial infarction)

A

Coronary artery becomes completely blocked
Stents, or self-expanding wire mesh tubes, can be inserted into blocked artery to keep it open.
If stents are unsuccessful, a coronary bypass may be required in which a surgeon replaces artery with a healthy artery from elsewhere in the body

46
Q

blood

A

Transports gases, nutrients, waste products, antibodies, and hormones throughout the body
Helps combat pathogenic microorganisms
Helps maintain water balance and pH
Regulates body temperature
Carries platelets and factors that ensure clotting to prevent blood loss

47
Q

Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

A

Small, biconcave disks

Lack a nucleus and contain hemoglobin

48
Q

Hemoglobin contains

A

Four globin protein chains
Each associated with heme, an iron-containing group
Manufactured continuously in bone marrow of skull, ribs, vertebrae, and ends of long bones

49
Q

If the number of RBC is insufficient or if cells don’t have enough hemoglobin, the individual has

A

anemia.

The hormone, erythropoetin, stimulates RBC production.

50
Q

Blood Types

A

Blood type is determined by the presence or absence of a surface antigen.
ABO System
Rh System

51
Q

Antibodies in the plasma can cause

A

agglutination. “stickiness”
Cross-reactions occur when antigens meet antibodies.
Organ damage can result.

52
Q

O is considered

A

the universal donor

53
Q

White Blood Cells (WBCs)

A

Contain a nucleus and lack hemoglobin
Important in inflammatory response
Five main types can be identified.
Divided into two categories based on presence or absence of cytoplasmic granules:

54
Q

Granular Leukocytes (WBCs)

A

Contain granules composed of proteins and enzymes used to help defend the body against invading organisms

55
Q

Neutrophils (WBCs)

A

phagocytize and digest bacteria

56
Q

Basophil (WBCs)

A

contain histamine

57
Q

Eosinophils (WBCs)

A

involved in fighting parasitic worms, among other activities

58
Q

Agranular Leukocytes

A

Lack granules

59
Q

Monocytes

A

migrate into tissues in response to chronic, ongoing infections
Differentiate into macrophages
Fight infection, release growth factors that increase the production of WBCs by the bone marrow

60
Q

Lymphocytes

A

T cells and B cells involved in the immune response and antibody production

61
Q

Platelets

A

Non-cellular, formed elements
150,000–300,000 per cubic millimeter of blood

Involved in blood clotting

62
Q

clotting

A 
(coagulation)
A blood clot consists of:
Platelets
Red blood cells
Fibrin threads
63
Q

enzymes that are blood clotts

A
  • Thrombin is an enzyme that, when activated by prothrombin activator, converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
  • Fibrin threads wind around the platelet plug to provide a framework for a clot.
  • Plasmin destroys the fibrin network
64
Q

Capillary Exchange

A

Capillaries are very narrow and tiny RBCs must go through single file.
The movement of fluid through a capillary wall is controlled by osmotic pressure and blood pressure.
Walls of capillaries are very thin to facilitate diffusion of nutrients, gases, and wastes

65
Q

Solutes diffuse into and out of a capillary according to

A

their concentration gradient.
Oxygen and nutrients diffuse out of capillaries.
Carbon dioxide and wastes diffuse into the capillary.

66
Q

Substances leaving capillaries contribute to

A

interstitial fluid

67
Q

lymph

A

Excess interstitial fluid is collected by lymphatic capillaries

68
Q

Lymph is returned to systemic venous blood when

A

the major lymphatic vessels enter the subclavian veins in the shoulder region.

Biology 1201: Organisms and Diversity (20 decks)

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