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Biology 1201: Organisms and Diversity > lab final > Flashcards

lab final Flashcards

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1
Q

apical meristem

A

give rise to many plants

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2
Q

epidermal tissue

A

forms the outer protective covering of the plant

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3
Q

ground tissue

A

fills the interior part of the plant

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4
Q

vascular tissue

A

transports water and nutrients within the plant and provides support

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5
Q

Vegetative organs

A

are all plant parts except reproductive structures

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6
Q

three vegetative organs

A

Roots, stems, and leaves

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7
Q

structures involved in reproduction

A

Flowers, seeds, and fruits

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8
Q

Xylem

A

transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves (up)
transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves.

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9
Q

Phloem

A

transports sucrose and other organic compounds from the leaves to the roots (down)
transports sucrose and other organic compounds from the leaves to the roots.

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10
Q

Leaves

A

Major part of the plant that carries out photosynthesis

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11
Q

Foliage leaves

A

usually broad and thin

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12
Q

Blade

A

Wide portion of foliage leaf

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13
Q

Petiole

A

Stalk attaching blade to stem

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14
Q

deciduous

A

Plants that lose all of their leaves

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15
Q

Upper and lower epidermis

A

Waxy cuticle
Trichomes
Lower epidermis has stomata for gas exchange.

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16
Q

Mesophyll

A

Eudicot leaves have:
Palisade mesophyll containing elongated cells
Spongy mesophyll containing irregular cells bounded by air spaces
Contains many chloroplasts

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17
Q

Leaves can be arranged on the stem as

A

alternate, opposite, or whorled.

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18
Q

Blade (wide portion) of a leaf can be

A

simple or compound

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19
Q

Leaves are adapted to environmental conditions

A

Shade leaves
Spines
Climbing leaves (modified tendrils)
Reduced leaves

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20
Q

Stolons

A

Aboveground horizontal stems

21
Q

Rhizomes

A

Underground horizontal stems

22
Q

Primary root (taproot)

A

Fleshy, long single root, that grows straight down

Stores food

23
Q

Fibrous root system

A

Slender roots and lateral branches
Anchors plant to soil
Found in monocots

24
Q

Monocots (Single cotyledon)

A

Cotyledons act as transfer tissue.
Nutrients are derived from the endosperm.
Root vascular tissue occurs in a ring.
Leaves have a parallel venation.
Flower parts are arranged in multiples of three.

25
Q

Eudicots (Two cotyledons)

A

Cotyledons supply nutrients to seedlings.
Root phloem is located between xylem arms.
Leaves have a netted venation.
Flower parts are arranged in multiples of four or five.

26
Q

cotyledon

A

is a significant part of the embryo within the seed of a plant. Upon germination, the cotyledon usually becomes the embryonic first leaves of a seedling.

27
Q

Tropism

A

A growth response between a plant and an external stimulus.
The stimulus could be weather, touch, time, gravity or light.

A positive response is indicated by growth toward a stimulus
Negative response is indicated by growth away from the stimulus.

28
Q

Auxin

A

Plant growth hormone
Stimulates cell elongation– a build up on surface leads to growth
If on side, auxin concentration increases along the lower sides of the roots and stems of the plant. The auxin on the stem which makes the stem bend up toward the sky.
Primary auxin is indoleacetic acid (IAA)

29
Q

Gravitropism

A

is a plant’s growth response to gravity. Typically roots grow down into the ground, and stems and leaves grow up above the ground.

If one were to place a plant on its side, it would begin to bend in an upright position.

Gravitropism allows the plant to respond to gravity no matter what position the plant is in.

30
Q

Phototropism

A

is a process by which auxin on the exterior of a plant is degraded to cause a slope of the plant towards light.

31
Q

animals

A

They are heterotrophic (can not make their own food); most can move ; have a definite body plan and development

32
Q

Chordates characteristics

A 
Domain Eukarya
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordates
Deuterostome development; 
Bilateral symmetry

Include vertebrates and invertebrates

33
Q

what do chordates have (4)

A

Notochord
A cartilaginous rod running underneath, and supporting, the nerve cord
Dorsal tubular nerve cord
A bundle of nerve fibers which runs down the “back”. It connects the brain with the lateral muscles and other organs.
Pharyngeal pouches
A series of openings that connect the inside of the throat to the outside of the “neck”. These are often, but not always, used as gills.
Post anal tail
An extension of the body past the anal opening.

Not all characteristics are present in adults of modern chordates (these features may only be present in the embryo)

34
Q

Subphylum Tunicata

A

They inhabit shallow marine waters. Larval tunicates are free-swimming.
They have all four defining chordate traits.
Adult tunicates are sessile. They no longer have a notochord or post-anal tail.
Example: sea squirts

35
Q

Subphylum Cephalochordata

A

They inhabit the ocean floor where the water is shallow. Lancelet larvae are free-swimming.
The adults can swim but spend most of their time buried in the sand.
Like tunicates, lancelets are filter feeders.
They are probably similar to the earliest chordates that evolved more than 500 million years ago.
They do not have a spine made out of boney vertebrae.q

36
Q

In addition to the 4 chordate characteristics, have

A

Vertebral column (made of bone or cartilage)
Skull
Endoskeleton
Internal organs

37
Q

Vertebrate Groups

A 
Chondrichthyes- cartilaginous fishes
Osteichthyes- bony fishes
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
38
Q

Mammals- 3 groups

A

monotremes; marsupials; placental

39
Q

Fungi digest their food

A

externally and absorb nutrients.

40
Q

Animals ingest (eat)

A

whole food and digest internally.

41
Q

Evolution of Body Plans

A

All the diversified body plans characteristic of animals today were present by the Cambrian period.
Different combinations of numbers, positions, sizes, and patterns of body parts could have led to the great variety of animal forms in the past and present.
Slight shifts in the DNA code and expression of Hox (homeotic) genes may have been responsible for the differences that arise during development.

42
Q

Symmetry

A

A pattern of similarity that is observed in objects

Three types of symmetry in animal kingdom

43
Q

Asymmetry

A

No particular body shape (e.g., sponge).

44
Q

Radial symmetry

A

Two identical halves (e.g., jellyfish)

Enables an animal to reach out in all directions from one center

45
Q

Bilateral symmetry

A

Definite right and left halves
Animals tend to be active and to move forward at an anterior end
The localization of the brain and sensory organs at the anterior end is called cephalization.

46
Q

What percent of the animal kingdom is made up of

invertebrates.

A

97%

47
Q

protist

A

any member of a group of diverse eukaryotic, predominantly unicellular microscopic organisms.
They may share certain morphological and physiological characteristics with animals or plants, or both.

48
Q

Protists are of enormous ecological importance.

A

Source of food
Source of commercial products - Marine protists are source of useful substances like algin, agar, carragean and antiseptics
Primary producer of aquatic ecosystem - Many protists are primary producers, they play a basic role in food cahins, providing food and oxygen.
Source of medicines - Sodium laminaria sulphate, Fucoidin, Heparin are algal products used as blood coagulants. Lyngbya produces an anti-cancer compound.
Pathogens - May cause many disease in man and also in fruits and vegetables it causes late blight potatoes and causes disease in some fishes.
Malaria! –Plasmodium species

49
Q

Photoautotrophic forms of protist

A

Produce oxygen
Function as producers in both freshwater and saltwater ecosystems
Major component of plankton
Organisms that are suspended in the water
Serve as food for heterotrophic protists and animals
Whales, the largest animal in the sea, feed on plankton, one of the smallest.

Biology 1201: Organisms and Diversity (20 decks)

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