lab final Flashcards
apical meristem
give rise to many plants
epidermal tissue
forms the outer protective covering of the plant
ground tissue
fills the interior part of the plant
vascular tissue
transports water and nutrients within the plant and provides support
Vegetative organs
are all plant parts except reproductive structures
three vegetative organs
Roots, stems, and leaves
structures involved in reproduction
Flowers, seeds, and fruits
Xylem
transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves (up)
transports water and minerals from the roots to the leaves.
Phloem
transports sucrose and other organic compounds from the leaves to the roots (down)
transports sucrose and other organic compounds from the leaves to the roots.
Leaves
Major part of the plant that carries out photosynthesis
Foliage leaves
usually broad and thin
Blade
Wide portion of foliage leaf
Petiole
Stalk attaching blade to stem
deciduous
Plants that lose all of their leaves
Upper and lower epidermis
Waxy cuticle
Trichomes
Lower epidermis has stomata for gas exchange.
Mesophyll
Eudicot leaves have:
Palisade mesophyll containing elongated cells
Spongy mesophyll containing irregular cells bounded by air spaces
Contains many chloroplasts
Leaves can be arranged on the stem as
alternate, opposite, or whorled.
Blade (wide portion) of a leaf can be
simple or compound
Leaves are adapted to environmental conditions
Shade leaves
Spines
Climbing leaves (modified tendrils)
Reduced leaves
Stolons
Aboveground horizontal stems
Rhizomes
Underground horizontal stems
Primary root (taproot)
Fleshy, long single root, that grows straight down
Stores food
Fibrous root system
Slender roots and lateral branches
Anchors plant to soil
Found in monocots
Monocots (Single cotyledon)
Cotyledons act as transfer tissue.
Nutrients are derived from the endosperm.
Root vascular tissue occurs in a ring.
Leaves have a parallel venation.
Flower parts are arranged in multiples of three.
Eudicots (Two cotyledons)
Cotyledons supply nutrients to seedlings.
Root phloem is located between xylem arms.
Leaves have a netted venation.
Flower parts are arranged in multiples of four or five.
cotyledon
is a significant part of the embryo within the seed of a plant. Upon germination, the cotyledon usually becomes the embryonic first leaves of a seedling.
Tropism
A growth response between a plant and an external stimulus.
The stimulus could be weather, touch, time, gravity or light.
A positive response is indicated by growth toward a stimulus
Negative response is indicated by growth away from the stimulus.
Auxin
Plant growth hormone
Stimulates cell elongation– a build up on surface leads to growth
If on side, auxin concentration increases along the lower sides of the roots and stems of the plant. The auxin on the stem which makes the stem bend up toward the sky.
Primary auxin is indoleacetic acid (IAA)
Gravitropism
is a plant’s growth response to gravity. Typically roots grow down into the ground, and stems and leaves grow up above the ground.
If one were to place a plant on its side, it would begin to bend in an upright position.
Gravitropism allows the plant to respond to gravity no matter what position the plant is in.
Phototropism
is a process by which auxin on the exterior of a plant is degraded to cause a slope of the plant towards light.
animals
They are heterotrophic (can not make their own food); most can move ; have a definite body plan and development
Chordates characteristics
Domain Eukarya Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordates Deuterostome development; Bilateral symmetry
Include vertebrates and invertebrates
what do chordates have (4)
Notochord
A cartilaginous rod running underneath, and supporting, the nerve cord
Dorsal tubular nerve cord
A bundle of nerve fibers which runs down the “back”. It connects the brain with the lateral muscles and other organs.
Pharyngeal pouches
A series of openings that connect the inside of the throat to the outside of the “neck”. These are often, but not always, used as gills.
Post anal tail
An extension of the body past the anal opening.
Not all characteristics are present in adults of modern chordates (these features may only be present in the embryo)
Subphylum Tunicata
They inhabit shallow marine waters. Larval tunicates are free-swimming.
They have all four defining chordate traits.
Adult tunicates are sessile. They no longer have a notochord or post-anal tail.
Example: sea squirts
Subphylum Cephalochordata
They inhabit the ocean floor where the water is shallow. Lancelet larvae are free-swimming.
The adults can swim but spend most of their time buried in the sand.
Like tunicates, lancelets are filter feeders.
They are probably similar to the earliest chordates that evolved more than 500 million years ago.
They do not have a spine made out of boney vertebrae.q
In addition to the 4 chordate characteristics, have
Vertebral column (made of bone or cartilage)
Skull
Endoskeleton
Internal organs
Vertebrate Groups
Chondrichthyes- cartilaginous fishes Osteichthyes- bony fishes Amphibians Reptiles Birds
Mammals- 3 groups
monotremes; marsupials; placental
Fungi digest their food
externally and absorb nutrients.
Animals ingest (eat)
whole food and digest internally.
Evolution of Body Plans
All the diversified body plans characteristic of animals today were present by the Cambrian period.
Different combinations of numbers, positions, sizes, and patterns of body parts could have led to the great variety of animal forms in the past and present.
Slight shifts in the DNA code and expression of Hox (homeotic) genes may have been responsible for the differences that arise during development.
Symmetry
A pattern of similarity that is observed in objects
Three types of symmetry in animal kingdom
Asymmetry
No particular body shape (e.g., sponge).
Radial symmetry
Two identical halves (e.g., jellyfish)
Enables an animal to reach out in all directions from one center
Bilateral symmetry
Definite right and left halves
Animals tend to be active and to move forward at an anterior end
The localization of the brain and sensory organs at the anterior end is called cephalization.
What percent of the animal kingdom is made up of
invertebrates.
97%
protist
any member of a group of diverse eukaryotic, predominantly unicellular microscopic organisms.
They may share certain morphological and physiological characteristics with animals or plants, or both.
Protists are of enormous ecological importance.
Source of food
Source of commercial products - Marine protists are source of useful substances like algin, agar, carragean and antiseptics
Primary producer of aquatic ecosystem - Many protists are primary producers, they play a basic role in food cahins, providing food and oxygen.
Source of medicines - Sodium laminaria sulphate, Fucoidin, Heparin are algal products used as blood coagulants. Lyngbya produces an anti-cancer compound.
Pathogens - May cause many disease in man and also in fruits and vegetables it causes late blight potatoes and causes disease in some fishes.
Malaria! –Plasmodium species
Photoautotrophic forms of protist
Produce oxygen
Function as producers in both freshwater and saltwater ecosystems
Major component of plankton
Organisms that are suspended in the water
Serve as food for heterotrophic protists and animals
Whales, the largest animal in the sea, feed on plankton, one of the smallest.
