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Biology 1201: Organisms and Diversity > endocrine system chapter 40 > Flashcards

endocrine system chapter 40 Flashcards

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1
Q

Endocrine glands

A

secrete products directly into the bloodstream, which delivers them throughout the body

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2
Q

Exocrine glands

A

secrete products into ducts, which subsequently take them to lumens of other organs or outside the body

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3
Q

endocrine system

A

is largely composed of glands that coordinate body activities through the secretion of hormones such as insulin.

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4
Q

How do hormones influence homeostatic functions of an organism?

A

Metabolism, growth, reproduction, osmoregulation, and digestion

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5
Q

How do some Some hormones control processes unique to invertebrates

A

metamorphosis
Dramatic transformation that some insects undergo while hatching from an egg, going through several molts, and maturing into adults
Several hormones control this process.

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6
Q

Hormones

A

Chemical signals that influence the behavior of other individuals
A target cell for a particular hormone carries a receptor protein for that hormone.

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7
Q

How do hormones work?

A

The hormone binds to the receptor protein and the target cell responds.
Example: Androgen insensitivity: An individual with XY chromosomes (chromosomally male) without receptors in body cells for testosterone appears to be a normal female

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8
Q

Peptide hormones

A

Peptides, proteins, glycoproteins, and modified amino acids
Most bind to receptors on the plasma membrane.
First messenger – hormone that never enters a cell

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9
Q

What is epinephrine?

A

Causes quickening of the heart beat
Strengthens the force of the heart’s contraction
Opens up the airways (bronchioles) in the lungs

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10
Q

how does epinephrine work?

A

The secretion of epinephrine by the adrenal gland is part of the fight-or-flight reaction.

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11
Q

what is another word for epinephrine?

A

adrenaline

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12
Q

Steroid hormones

A

All derive from cholesterol, a lipid.

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13
Q

How do steroid hormones work?

A

They enter the cell by moving through the plasma membrane rather than binding to receptor proteins.
In nucleus, a steroid hormone binds to a nuclear or cytoplasmic receptor.
The hormone-receptor complex binds with DNA and activates genes.

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14
Q

How fast do steroid hormones work?

A

Steroids act more slowly than peptides but action lasts longer.

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15
Q

Pheromones

A

(released by same species that is effected)
Women living in the same household tend to have synchronized menstrual cycles due to pheromones released by a menstruating woman affecting other women’s menstrual cycles.

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16
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulates internal environment in two ways.
Acts through autonomic system (part of the nervous system that supplies the internal organs)
Also controls the glandular secretions of pituitary gland

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17
Q

Posterior Pituitary

A

*Produces antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
-Controlled by negative feedback
–Effect of the hormone acts to shut down the release of the hormone
*Produces oxytocin
-Controlled by positive feedback
–Stimulus continues to bring about an effect that ever increases in intensity.
(Pushing things out of whack to eventually lead to homeostasis—examples?)

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18
Q

HGH

A

Use of the drug for performance enhancement is not currently approved by the FDA

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19
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

Attached to the trachea just below the larynx

Composed of a large number of follicles filled with: Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

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20
Q

Triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)

A

These hormones function to increase the metabolic rate by stimulating most of the body cells to metabolize at a faster rate.
Thyroid actively acquires iodine to produce T3 and T4.

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21
Q

Simple goiter

A

Thyroid Abnormality

Simple goiter – poor T3 and T4 production

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22
Q

Congenital hypothyroidism (cretinism)

A

Thyroid Abnormality

Can be iodine deficiencies in pregnant mother, genetic defects affecting production of TSH, T3 and T4 or their receptors

23
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Immune system produces antibodies that destroy the thyroid gland
Untreated hypothyroidism results in myxedema.
Lethargy, weight loss, loss of hair, slow heart rate, lowered body temperature, thickness and puffiness of skin

24
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

over secretion of T3 or T4
Graves disease – antibodies stimulate overproduction of T3 and T4
Exophthalmos – excessive protrusion of eyes

25
Q

Effects of Calcitonin

A

Regulates blood calcium level (in part)
Calcium plays a role in both nervous conduction and muscle contraction.
A hormone secreted by the thyroid gland when blood calcium level rises.
Brings about deposit of calcium in the bones
Temporarily reduces activity and number of osteoclasts
When normal levels return, thyroid’s calcitonin release is inhibited.

26
Q

Adrenal Glands

A

Paired
One sits atop each kidney
Each consists of an outer cortex and inner medulla.
Two functionally distinct glands (adrenal medulla & adrenal cortex).

27
Q

Adrenal medulla!

A

Secretes epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline) into the bloodstream

28
Q

Adrenal cortex

A

Produces mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids

29
Q

Corticoid hormones

A

balance stress response, energy flow, body temperature, water balance, and other essential processes.
2 groups

30
Q

Two groups, the glucocorticoids and the mineralocorticoids

A

chemically control some of the most basic actions necessary to protect, nourish, and maintain the body

31
Q

Glucocorticoids-sugar levels

A

Cortisol
Raises blood glucose level
Promotes breakdown of muscle proteins to amino acids, which are converted by the liver into glucose
Promotes metabolism of fatty acids
Counteracts inflammatory response
Example: Cortisone, a glucocorticoid, reduces inflammation

32
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

regulate minerals - inorganic molecules such as sodium, potassium, and hydrogen.

33
Q

Examples of Mineralocorticoids

A

Aldosterone, Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH), Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

34
Q

Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

A

Raises blood pressure
Angiotensin II constricts arterioles
Aldosterone causes kidneys to reabsorb sodium (causing water reabsorption).

35
Q

Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH)

A

Inhibits secretion of aldosterone from adrenal cortex

Causes excretion of sodium ions (natriuresis)

36
Q

Aldosterone

A

Promotes two renal functions:
Absorption of sodium
Excretion of potassium

37
Q

Malfunctions of the Adrenal Cortex

A

Addison disease, Cushing syndrome

38
Q

what is the pancreas made of?

A

Made up of exocrine and endocrine tissue

39
Q

Endocrine portion of the pancreas:

A

Consists of pancreatic islets

Produce and secrete

40
Q

Insulin in the pancreas

A

Secreted during high blood glucose level

Stimulates uptake of glucose by cells

41
Q

Glucagon in the pancreas

A

Secreted during low blood glucose level

Stimulates liver to break down glycogen

42
Q

Exocrine portion of the pancreas

A

Secretes enzymes and buffers into the small intestine

43
Q

Diabetes Mellitus

A

Inability of the body’s cells to take up glucose as they should
Causes blood glucose levels to be higher than normal
Cells must rely on other sources of energy, such as fatty acids.
As blood glucose levels rise, glucose, along with water, is excreted in the urine
Results in frequent urination and a feeling of extreme thirst

44
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

Pancreas does not produce enough insulin.
Body turns to the metabolism of fat, which leads to the buildup of ketones in the blood (ketoacidosis).
Patients must have daily insulin injections.

45
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

Patients are typically overweight and adipose tissue produces a substance that impairs insulin receptor function.
It is prevented/controlled by adhering to a low-fat diet, low-sugar diet, and exercising regularly.

46
Q

Testes

A

-Located in the scrotum
Produce testosterone
Secondary sex characteristics
Under the influence of the gonadotropic hormones, testes release increased testosterone at puberty, stimulating growth of penis and testes.

47
Q

Ovaries

A

-Located in the pelvic cavity
Produce estrogen and progesterone
Secondary sex characteristics
Estrogen secreted at puberty stimulates growth of uterus and vagina

48
Q

Anabolic steroids

A

mimic the effect of testosterone and can lead to very dangerous side effects

49
Q

Pineal Gland

A

Produces melatonin
Involved in daily sleep-wake cycle (circadian rhythms)
Controlled by an internal biological clock

50
Q

Thymus Gland

A

Most active during childhood

Aids in differentiation of lymphocytes

51
Q

Leptin

A

Secreted by adipose tissue

Involved in feedback control of appetite

52
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Produced by the kidneys
Stimulates production of red blood cells
Athletes may practice blood doping by using EPO to increase oxygen-carrying capacity of blood.

53
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Local hormones
Not distributed in blood
Implicated in pain and discomfort of menstruation
Aspirin reduces body temperature and controls pain because it prevents prostaglandin synthesis.

Biology 1201: Organisms and Diversity (20 decks)

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