excretory system chapter 36

Question 1

Osmoregulation

Answer 1

Balancing the levels of water and salts in the body

Question 2

Excretion

Answer 2

The process by which metabolic wastes are removed from the body by the osmoregulatory system of an animal

Question 3

Within animals, the breakdown of amino acids and nucleic acids results in

Answer 3

amonia

Question 4

amonia

Answer 4

a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH₃, highly soluble

Question 5

High solubility

Answer 5

permits it to be excreted directly by many aquatic animals

Question 6

Terrestrial animals must convert ammonia to, why?

Answer 6

urea or uric acid (part of urine) because ammonia is very toxic.

Question 7

Urea

Answer 7

Can be excreted in a moderately concentrated solution
Produced by mammals, sharks, and adult amphibians
Allows body water to be conserved
Requires more energy than ammonia

Question 8

Uric acid

Answer 8

Requires much less water per unit of nitrogen excreted
Synthesized by a long, complex series of enzymatic reactions
Produced in reptiles, birds, and insects
Requires more energy to produce than urea
Allows invasion of drier habitats far from standing water
Advantageous for shelled embryos
Nitrogenous wastes are stored in shell until hatching

Question 9

gout

Answer 9

Buildup in blood and precipitation around joints produces in humans

Question 10

Urine

Answer 10

is a liquid that contains metabolic wastes, excreted salts and water.

Question 11

It’s 95% water.?

Answer 11

Over a lifetime, the kidneys will clean approximately one million gallons of water into pee.

Question 12

Pee is sterile.?

Answer 12

In the bladder, that is. But as soon as it leaves your body, it can pick up bacteria from the urethra and air.

Question 13

Excretory System!

Answer 13

Blood plasma hypotonic to sea water
Passively lose water through gills
Must constantly drink seawater to compensate
Excess salt ions actively transported back into seawater through the gills

Question 14

Marine environment

Answer 14

High in dissolved salts
Hypertonic to blood plasma of bony fishes
Tends to promote the osmotic loss of water
The gain of ions by drinking water

Question 15

Freshwater bony fishes, Freshwater environment

Answer 15

Tends to promote a gain of water by osmosis, and

A loss of ions as excess water is excreted

Question 16

Freshwater bony fishes, Excretory system

Answer 16

Blood plasma hypertonic to fresh water
Passively gain water through gills
Eliminate excess water through copious hypotonic urine

Question 17

Blood nearly isotonic to seawater!

Answer 17

Same concentration of salts/sugars/nutrients/waste etc

Question 18

Cartilaginous fishes

Answer 18

The largest known cartilaginous fish ever to have lived isMegalodon(about 70 feet long and 50-100 tons). Other large cartilaginous fish include the manta ray (about 30 feet long) and the basking shark (about 40 feet long and 19 tons).

Question 19

Blood contains enough urea to

Answer 19

match the tonicity of sea water.

Question 20

Special cells in the rectal gland of these fish excrete

Answer 20

whatever excess salt does enter the system.

Question 21

Osmoregulation by Terrestrial Vertebrates

Answer 21

Terrestrial animals lose water through excretion and respiration.
Must drink water to make up for loss

Question 22

urine is the most… (kangaroo rat)

Answer 22

hypertonic known among animals

Question 23

fecal palletes are (kangaroo rat)

Answer 23

dry

Question 24

kindneys of marine mammals and ea birds, vertbrates

Answer 24

their kidneys are good at conserving water.
Some have become secondarily adapted to living in or near the sea.
Some have specialized salt glands that function to actively transport salt from the blood to the external environment.

Question 25

In sea birds, salt-excreting glands are near

Answer 25

the eyes

Question 26

In sea turtles, the salt gland is a

Answer 26

modified tear gland.

These glands are regulated by the nervous system.

Question 27

Human kidneys

Answer 27

Bean-shaped, reddish-brown organs, about the size of a fist

Located on each side of vertebral column, just below the diaphragm

Question 28

kidneys are connected to!

Answer 28

a ureter

Question 29

Ureters

Answer 29

conduct urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

Question 30

Urinary bladder

Answer 30

Stores urine

Urine voided through the single urethra

Question 31

Kidneys

Composed of three major parts

Answer 31

`Renal cortex
Outer region
Granular appearance
`Renal medulla
6–10 cone-shaped renal pyramids
`Renal pelvis
Hollow-chambered innermost part of the kidney

Question 32

Nephrons

Answer 32

Each kidney is composed of over 1 million tiny tubular nephrons that produce urine.

Question 33

Each nephron is made of several parts

Answer 33

Glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule)
Glomerulus
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of the nephron (loop of Henle)
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting duct

Question 34

The kidneys have 4 homeostatic functions

Answer 34

Excretion of metabolic wastes
Maintenance of water-salt balance
Maintenance of acid-base balance (pH balance)
Secretion of hormones

Question 35

Erythropoietin

Answer 35

to stimulate red blood cell production

Question 36

pH is regulated by

Answer 36

The bicarbonate buffer system

Question 37

pH adjusted by either

Answer 37

The reabsorption of the bicarbonate ions, or

The secretion of hydrogen ions