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Organic Chem Flashcards

1
Q

solvent used in the process of extraction
which is selective in its action

A

Menstruum

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2
Q

chief constituent of the drug

A

Derivatives/extractives

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3
Q

undissolved portion of the drug that remains
after the extraction process

A

Marc

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4
Q

knowledge of drugs or pharmaceuticals

A

Pharmacognosy

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5
Q

Father of Modern Plant Chemistry

A

Carl Wilhelm Scheele

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5
Q

are vegetable/animal drugs that consist of natural
substances that have undergone only the processes of
collection & drying

A

Crude drugs

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6
Q

study of the composition of plant principles with their
extraction, biosynthesis and identification

A

Phytochemistry

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7
Q

obtained from drugs
of biologic origin or prepared synthetically or semi
synthetically

A

Drug Constituents

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8
Q

antigenic matter or antibody
preparations capable of developing a state of immunity in
the patients

A

Biologics

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9
Q

Galen

A

Greek pharmacist-physician described the method
of preparing formulas containing plant & animal
drugs (galenical preparations)

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9
Q

Wrote “De Materia Medica”

A

Pedanios Dioscorides

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10
Q

first to introduce the word pharmacognosy in
his title “Lehrbuch der Materia Medica”

A

J.A. Schmidt

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11
Q

first to coined the word Pharmacognosy in his
work “Analectica Pharmacognostica

A

C.A. Seydler

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12
Q

A collection of hymns predating 1000 B.C.

A

Vedas of India

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12
Q

Paper scroll

A

Egyptian Papyrus Ebers

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13
Q

Chinese drug encyclopedia

A

Pen-ts’ao kang mu

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14
Q

Abundant in plants but lower in value

A

Primary Metabolites

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15
Q

modified drying process that converts inert
constituents to its active form

A

Curing

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16
Q

Cause precipitation/other chemical changes in a
medicinal preparation

A

Pharmaceutically Active

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16
Q

final step in the preparation of crude drugs

A

Garbling

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16
Q

essential to the study of adulterants in powdered
drugs & in the identification of powdered drugs

A

Microscopic

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16
Q

Unique to a particular specie, usually possessing
therapeutic value

A

Secondary Metabolites

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16
Q

refers to the intrinsic value of the drug; amount of
medicinal/active principles/constituents present

A

Quality

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17
Q

includes macroscopic appearance, odor & taste,
sound of snap of fracture, & the feel of the drug

A

Organoleptic

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17
Q

application to crude drugs is rare but extensively
applied to active principles of drugs

A

Physical test

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18
Q

applied to the evaluation and
standardization of drug

A

Pharmacologic/Biologic Assay/Bioassay

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19
Q

UV-VIS Spectroscopy - plant pigments

A

Instrumental

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20
Q

best method of determining
the official potency of drugs
- Example: color reaction tests

A

Chemical Assay

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21
Q

Responsible for the therapeutic activity of the drug

A

Pharmacologically Active

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22
Q

Responsible for the therapeutic effect

A

Active Constituents

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22
Q

Study of the biochemical pathway leading to the formation
of secondary constituents used as drugs

A

Biogenesis

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23
Q

Do not exert any therapeutic effect/have no
definite pharmacologic activity

A

Inert Constituents

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24
Q

Identity of the constituents vary according to the
stage of development of the plant

A

Ontogeny

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25
Q

can be hydrolyzed into two saccharide units

A

Disaccharides

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26
Q

glucose, fructose

A

Sucrose

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27
Q

glucose, glucose

A

Maltose

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28
Q

Lactose

A

glucose, galactose

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29
Q

Cellobiose

A

glucose, glucose

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30
Q

glucose, glucose,
fructose

A

Gentianose

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30
Q

glucose, glucose

A

Trehalose

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31
Q

Sophorose

A

glucose, glucose

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31
Q

glucose, xylose

A

Primeverose

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31
Q

Raffinose

A

galactose, glucose,
fructose

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32
Q

saccharum

A

Sucrose

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33
Q

Scillatriose

A

rhamnose, glucose,
glucose

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33
Q

Planteose

A

glucose, fructose,
galactose

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33
Q

Manneotriose

A

galactose,
galactose, glucose

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34
Q

Containing 2 - 10 saccharide units

A

Oligosaccharides

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35
Q

Also known as glycan

A

Polysaccharides

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36
Q

In the production of sugar from sugarcane:

A

is to neutralize the plant acids

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37
Q

In the production of sugar from sugarcane:

A

to decolorize the juice

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38
Q

In the production of sugar from sugarcane:

A

(residual dark colored syrup obtained
from sucrose production)

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39
Q

Prepared by controlled enzymatic isomerization of
glucose

A

Fructose

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39
Q

In the production of sugar from sugarcane:

A

(limp slivers from sliced sugar beets)

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39
Q

Fruit sugar

A

Fructose

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40
Q

liquid left after separation of cream

A

Skimmed milk

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40
Q

 Occurs naturally in grapes & other fruits
 Controlled enzymatic hydrolysis of starch

A

Dextrose

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41
Q

fat globules that rise to the top

A

Cream

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41
Q

liquid left when butter is removed

A

Buttermilk

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41
Q

fat globules that unite when milk is churned

A

Butter

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42
Q

liquid separated from the coagulum -
contains lactose and inorganic salts

A

Whey

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43
Q

evaporation of milk in a vacuum
& sterilization by autoclaving

A

Condensed milk

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43
Q

formed when skimmed milk is treated
with rennin

A

Coagulum

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43
Q

fermented milk

A

Kumyss

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44
Q

obtained after proper treatment of the
coagulum

A

Cheese

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45
Q

evaporating milk with extract of malt

A

Malted milk

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46
Q

Therapeutic use is to decrease blood ammonia
concentration in portal-systemic encephalopathy

A

Lactulose

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47
Q

Wood sugar - diagnostic agent to evaluate intestinal
absorption

A

Xylose

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47
Q

 Succus cerasi - Prunus cerasus (Rosaceae)
 Contains 1% malic acid

A

Cherry Juice

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48
Q
  • Dicarboxylic acid
  • By-product of the wine industry
  • Used in:
    o buffer system
    o effervescent formulations
A

Tartaric acid

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49
Q
  • Tricarboxylic acid
  • Lemon juice (Scheele)
  • Commercially from limes, lemons &
    pineapples
  • Used as acidulant, systemic alkalinizer in
    buffer system )
A

Citric acid

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50
Q

fermented grape juice

A

Wine

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50
Q
  • By lactic fermentation of sugars
  • Used as:
    o acidulant in infant feeding formulas
    o treatment of metabolic acidosis
A

Lactic acid

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51
Q

from wine

A

Brandy

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52
Q

fermented grain

A

Beer

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53
Q

Triticum aestivum

A

wheat

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53
Q

Zea mays (Poaceae)

A

corn

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53
Q

a hexitol from ripe berries of mountain ash
of Sorbus aucuparia (Rosaceae)

A

Sorbitol

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53
Q

Sources of Commercially Useful Gums
dextran, xanthan

A

Microbial Gums

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53
Q

from fermented malted grain

A

Whiskey

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53
Q

from fermented molasses

A

Rum

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53
Q

Solanum tuberosum

A

potato

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54
Q

isolation from manna (dried saccharine
exudate of Fraxinus ornus (Oleaceae)

A

Mannitol

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55
Q

Mixture of two structurally different polysaccharides:
a) amylose
b) amylopectin

A

Starch

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56
Q

D-fructofuranose polymer

A

Inulin

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56
Q

Citrus grandis

A

Pomelo

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57
Q
  • reaction of cellulose with caustic soda
    and methyl chloride
  • bulk laxative, suspending agent, topical
    protectant (artificial tears)
A

Methylcellulose

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57
Q

Most abundant organic compound in nature

A

Cellulose

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57
Q

Cellulose occurs as very fine threads called

A

microfibrils

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57
Q

Sources of Commercially Useful Gums
hetastarch, CMC, hydroxypropyl
methylcellulose, methylcellulose, ethyl
cellulose, oxidized cellulose

A

Starch & Cellulose Derivatives

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57
Q

Is an α-1,6-linked polyglucan from sucrose by the
action of (dextran sucra) in Leuconostoc
mesenteroides

A

Dextran

58
Q

Sources of Commercially Useful Gums
agar, carageenan, algin

A

Marine Gums

58
Q

Sources of Commercially Useful Gums
pectin

A

Plant Extract

58
Q

Sources of Commercially Useful Gums
guar, locust bean, psyllium

A

Seed Gums

58
Q

Sources of Commercially Useful Gums
tragacanth, acacia, karaya

A

Shrub/ Tree Exudates

58
Q

Lemon

A

Citrus Iimon

59
Q

Dalanghita

A

Citrus nobilis

60
Q

Orange

A

Citrus aurantium

61
Q

Ponkan

A

Citrus sinensis

62
Q

Kalamansi

A

Citrus microcarpa

63
Q

Citrus autantifolia

A

Lime

64
Q

Are ester of fatty acids and alcohol
o fats and fixed oils – ester of FA & glycerol
o waxes- ester of FA and HMW alcohol

A

Simple Lipid

65
Q

 Ester off FA, alcohol and another compound
 Ex. Glycolipids, phospholipids

A

Compound Lipid

66
Q

Products of simple and compound lipids upon
hydrolysis

A

Derived Lipid

67
Q

 Esters of high molecular weight monohydric alcohol &
high molecular weight fatty acids
 Exs. Spermaceti

A

Waxes

68
Q

 Esters of glycerol & fatty acids
 Exs. Olive oil, wool fat

A

Fixed Oils & Fats

69
Q

Alcohols containing The cyclopentano-perhydrophenanthrene nucleus

A

Sterols

70
Q

Esters containing glycerol in combination with fatty
acids, phosphoric acid & certain nitrogenous compounds
Exs. Lecithin

A

Phospholipids/Phosphatides

71
Q

 subst. isolated from the brain & other sources w/c on
hydrolysis yields fatty acid, galactose, & nitrogenous
compound
 Ex. Sphingosine

A

Glycolipids/ Cerebrosides

72
Q

using hydraulic presses

A

Expression

72
Q

using organic solvents

A

Extraction

73
Q

with steam w/ or w/o pressure

A

Rendering

74
Q

The no. of mg of KOH reqd. to neutralize the free fatty acids in 1 g of the substance

A

Acid Value/ Acid Number

74
Q

The no. of mg of KOH reqd.to neutralize the free fatty
acid and saponify the esters contained in 1 g of the
substance.

A

Saponification Value

75
Q

The no. of g of iodine absorbed under prescribed
condition by 100 g of the substance

A

Iodine Value

76
Q

Indicates the degree of unsaturation

A

Iodine Value

77
Q

obtained by reacting H2SO4 w/ the oil keeping the
temperature by chilling

A

Sulfated/ Sulfonated Oils

78
Q

prepared by passing H2 the presence of Nickel/Paladium through the oil heated to 160 to 200

A

Hydrogenated Oils

79
Q

Terminating 2nd trimester pregnancy

A

Prostaglandin F2a, PGE2a or Dinoprost

79
Q

oxidation-reduction reaction

A

Oxidoreductases

80
Q

Are C20 metabolites formed in the body from essential,
unsaturated fatty acids of the diet

A

Prostaglandins

81
Q

Are obtained from the hydrolysis of fats or oils

A

Fatty Acids

82
Q

transfer of a group other than H

A

Transferases

83
Q

hydrolysis of esters, ether, peptide, etc.

A

Hydrolases

84
Q

removal of a group from substrate by mechanism other than hydrolysis

A

Lyases

85
Q

linkage of two compounds

A

Ligases/synthetases

86
Q

bleeding (nosebleed) is the principal sign of
overdose

A

Heparin Na

86
Q

interconversion of optic, geometric & positional isomers

A

Isomerases

87
Q

 nitrogenous organic substances produced by &
associated with living matter
 the primary component of all living matter
 are macromolecules which differ primarily from each other
in the number & kinds of amino acid residues present & in
the sequence of these in the polymer chain

A

PROTEINS

88
Q

drugs of
choice when immediate anticoagulation effect
is desired

A

Heparin Na

89
Q

can be antagonized by protamine SO4

A

Heparin Na

90
Q

1st available agent used for dissolving blood clots

A

Streptokinase

91
Q

sugar ethers

A

Glycosides

92
Q

compounds that yields one or more sugars among the
products of hydrolysis

A

Glycosides

93
Q

condensation products of sugars with various kinds of
organic compounds with added restriction that the OH of
the hemiacetal portion of the carbon must participate in
the condensation

A

Glycosides

94
Q

chemically, are acetals in which the OH of the sugar is
condensed with the OH of the nonsugar components and
the 2nd OH is condensed within the sugar molecule itself
to form an oxide ring

A

Glycosides

95
Q

Black mustard (enzyme)

A

Myrosin

95
Q

Black mustard (glycosside)

A

Sinigrin

96
Q

From the seeds of cruciferous plant

A

Isothiocyanate Glycosides

97
Q

White mustard

A

Sinalbin

98
Q

o referred to as vitamin P or Permeability factors
o treatment of capillary bleeding

A

RUTIN AND HESPERIDIN

99
Q

Rape seed

A

Gluconapin

100
Q

represent a group
of bound poisons like the cyanogenic glycosides

A

GLUCOSINOLATES

101
Q

Term applied by Okuda to a newly-discovered group of
tannins which are biosynthesized from both hydrolyzable
and a condensed tannin

A

Complex Tannins

102
Q

Are complex substances usually occur as mixtures of
polyphenols that are difficult to separate because they do
not crystallize

A

Tannins

103
Q

trx of burns

A

Tannins

103
Q

Simple phenolic compounds often (often of low molecular
weight) present with tannin

A

Pseudotannins

104
Q

form colloidal solution w/ water possessing acid
reaction w/ SHARP PUCKERING TASTE

A

Tannins

105
Q

They may at certain conditions give precipitates with gelatin but do not respond to goldbeater’s skin test.

A

Pseudotannins

106
Q

form dark blue/ greenish black soluble Compounds with
Fe salts

A

Tannins

107
Q

forms deep red color w/ K ferricyanide and ammonia

A

Tannins

108
Q

manufacture of inks

A

Tannins

109
Q

reagent in the detection of gelatin, proteins and alkaloids

A

Tannins

110
Q

antidote for alkaloidal poisoning

A

Tannins

111
Q

also known as essences, ethereal oils, essential oils

A

Volatile Oils

112
Q

odorous principles found in various plant parts

A

Volatile Oils

113
Q

BASE NOTES

A

low volatility & high tenacity
(vanillin, musk, civet, ambergris). Provide staying
power for the perfume

114
Q

evaporate when exposed to air at ordinary temperatures

A

Volatile Oils

115
Q

generally are colorless but on standing are oxidized and
resinified thus darkening in color

A

Volatile Oils

116
Q

Are judicious blends of odorants, each having its own
particular odor but whose combined odor is
characteristically unique

A

PERFUMES

117
Q

most volatile (lemon oil, lavender,
anise) odorants

A

TOP NOTES

117
Q

with intermediate volatility &
tenacity (thyme, neroli oil, rose oil)

A

MIDDLE NOTES

118
Q

the HC portion of the oil which is liquid

A

Eleoptene

119
Q
  • formed via the acetate- mevalonic acid pathway
  • are natural products whose structures maybe
    divided into isoprene units
A

TERPENES

119
Q

the oxidized HC portion of the oil which are
usually solid (with exceptions)

A

Stearoptenes

120
Q

 Are natural products whose structures may be divided
into isoprene units.
 Are also called isoprenoids

A

Terpenoids

121
Q

Are natural products of mixed biosynthetic origin

A

MEROTERPENOIDS

122
Q

Mainly of plant or fungal origin, also formed by some
marine organism and insects

A

DITERPENOIDS

123
Q

Most common component in plants responsible for odor &
flavor

A

MONOTERPENOIDS

124
Q

Has a wide spectrum of biological activities

A

SESQUITERPENOIDS

125
Q

Responsible for the yellow, orange, red and purple colors
seen in living organisms

A

TETRATERPENOIDS AND CAROTENOIDS

126
Q

westphal balance / pycnometer

A

SPECIFIC GRAVITY

127
Q

Laurent half-shadow
polarimeter

A

ROTATORY POWER

128
Q

Refractometer (Abbe, Atago, etc)

A

REFRACTIVE INDEX

129
Q

Mayer’s Reagent

A

Mercuric-Potassium-Iodide

130
Q

Mayer’s Reagent

A

cream colored ppt

131
Q

Marme’s Reagent

A

Potassium-Cadmium-Iodide

132
Q

white or yellow ppt

A

Marme’s Reagent

133
Q

orange colored ppt

A

Dragendorff’s Reagent

134
Q

Potassium-Bismuth-Iodide

A

Dragendorff’s Reagent

135
Q

red brown ppt

A

Wagner’s Reagent

135
Q

Phosphomolybdic acid

A

Sonnenschein’s Reagent

136
Q

Iodine in Potassium Iodide

A

Wagner’s Reagent

137
Q

Scheibler’s Reagent

A

Phosphotungstic acid

138
Q

yellowish white

A

Sonnenschein’s Reagent

139
Q

Tannic Acid

A

buff color ppt

140
Q

Picric Acid / Hager’s rgt

A

yellow ppt

141
Q

smoking deterrent

A

Lobeline

142
Q

parasympatholytic

A

Hyoscyamine

142
Q

antidote in
poisoning caused by
cholinesterase inhibitors

A

Atropine

143
Q

Scopolamine

A

anticholinergic

144
Q

Cinchonine

A

antimalarial

145
Q

Quinidine

A

principal
alkaloid employed
therapeutically

146
Q

antimalarial in
many parts of the world -
diastereo- isomer of
quinidine

A

Quinine

147
Q

emetic; for
treatment of drug overdose
and certain poisoning

A

Emetine

148
Q

astringent in
the inflammation of the
mucous membrane

A

Hydrastine

149
Q

skeletal
muscle relaxant -
diagnostic aid in
myasthenia gravis

A

Tubocurarine

149
Q

most important
opium alkaloid - centrally
acting analgesic

A

Morphine

150
Q

methyl
morphine - most widely
used opium alkaloid -
narcotic analgesics and
antitussive

A

Codeine

151
Q

Diacetylmorphine
- formed by acetylation of
morphine

A

Heroin

152
Q

cholinergic
(ophthalmic) drugs used in
the treatment of glaucoma

A

Pilocarpine

153
Q

use as
suppressant for gout

A

Colchicine

154
Q

Scientist for morphine

A

Serturner

155
Q

Scientist for– isolated narcotine

A

Robiquet

156
Q

Amorphous products w/ a complex chemical nature

A

Resins

157
Q

End products of metabolism

A

Resins

158
Q

Sp. Gr. Of resins

A

0.90 – 1.25

159
Q

Are oxidation products of terpenes

A

Resins

160
Q

Homogeneous mixture of resins w/ volatile oils

A

Oleoresins

161
Q

Homogeneous mixture of gum and oleoresin

A

Oleo-Gum Resins

162
Q

Resinous mixture that contains cinnamic acid, benzoic
acid or both or esters of these acids

A

Balsams

163
Q

Glycoresin/Glucoresin

A

Resins in glycosidal combinations

164
Q

Vitamin A1

A

Retinol

165
Q

Vitamin A2

A

Retinoic acid

166
Q

Vitamin D2

A

Calciferol

166
Q

Vitamin D3

A

Cholecalciferol

166
Q

Vitamin B2

A

Riboflavin

166
Q

Vitamin E

A

Antisterility Vitamin

166
Q

Vitamin B1

A

Thiamine

166
Q

Vitamin C

A

Ascorbic acid

167
Q

Vitamin K

A

Antihemorrhagic vit

167
Q

Vitamin B3

A

Niacin

167
Q

Vitamin B5

A

Pentothenic acid

167
Q

Vitamin B6

A

Pyridoxine

167
Q

Vitamin B9

A

Folic Acid

167
Q

Vitamin B12

A

Cyanocobalamine

167
Q

Biotin

A

Vitamin H

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