Organic Chem Flashcards
solvent used in the process of extraction
which is selective in its action
Menstruum
chief constituent of the drug
Derivatives/extractives
undissolved portion of the drug that remains
after the extraction process
Marc
knowledge of drugs or pharmaceuticals
Pharmacognosy
Father of Modern Plant Chemistry
Carl Wilhelm Scheele
are vegetable/animal drugs that consist of natural
substances that have undergone only the processes of
collection & drying
Crude drugs
study of the composition of plant principles with their
extraction, biosynthesis and identification
Phytochemistry
obtained from drugs
of biologic origin or prepared synthetically or semi
synthetically
Drug Constituents
antigenic matter or antibody
preparations capable of developing a state of immunity in
the patients
Biologics
Galen
Greek pharmacist-physician described the method
of preparing formulas containing plant & animal
drugs (galenical preparations)
Wrote “De Materia Medica”
Pedanios Dioscorides
first to introduce the word pharmacognosy in
his title “Lehrbuch der Materia Medica”
J.A. Schmidt
first to coined the word Pharmacognosy in his
work “Analectica Pharmacognostica
C.A. Seydler
A collection of hymns predating 1000 B.C.
Vedas of India
Paper scroll
Egyptian Papyrus Ebers
Chinese drug encyclopedia
Pen-ts’ao kang mu
Abundant in plants but lower in value
Primary Metabolites
modified drying process that converts inert
constituents to its active form
Curing
Cause precipitation/other chemical changes in a
medicinal preparation
Pharmaceutically Active
final step in the preparation of crude drugs
Garbling
essential to the study of adulterants in powdered
drugs & in the identification of powdered drugs
Microscopic
Unique to a particular specie, usually possessing
therapeutic value
Secondary Metabolites
refers to the intrinsic value of the drug; amount of
medicinal/active principles/constituents present
Quality
includes macroscopic appearance, odor & taste,
sound of snap of fracture, & the feel of the drug
Organoleptic
application to crude drugs is rare but extensively
applied to active principles of drugs
Physical test
applied to the evaluation and
standardization of drug
Pharmacologic/Biologic Assay/Bioassay
UV-VIS Spectroscopy - plant pigments
Instrumental
best method of determining
the official potency of drugs
- Example: color reaction tests
Chemical Assay
Responsible for the therapeutic activity of the drug
Pharmacologically Active
Responsible for the therapeutic effect
Active Constituents
Study of the biochemical pathway leading to the formation
of secondary constituents used as drugs
Biogenesis
Do not exert any therapeutic effect/have no
definite pharmacologic activity
Inert Constituents
Identity of the constituents vary according to the
stage of development of the plant
Ontogeny
can be hydrolyzed into two saccharide units
Disaccharides
glucose, fructose
Sucrose
glucose, glucose
Maltose
Lactose
glucose, galactose
Cellobiose
glucose, glucose
glucose, glucose,
fructose
Gentianose
glucose, glucose
Trehalose
Sophorose
glucose, glucose
glucose, xylose
Primeverose
Raffinose
galactose, glucose,
fructose
saccharum
Sucrose
Scillatriose
rhamnose, glucose,
glucose
Planteose
glucose, fructose,
galactose
Manneotriose
galactose,
galactose, glucose
Containing 2 - 10 saccharide units
Oligosaccharides
Also known as glycan
Polysaccharides
In the production of sugar from sugarcane:
is to neutralize the plant acids
In the production of sugar from sugarcane:
to decolorize the juice
In the production of sugar from sugarcane:
(residual dark colored syrup obtained
from sucrose production)
Prepared by controlled enzymatic isomerization of
glucose
Fructose
In the production of sugar from sugarcane:
(limp slivers from sliced sugar beets)
Fruit sugar
Fructose
liquid left after separation of cream
Skimmed milk
Occurs naturally in grapes & other fruits
Controlled enzymatic hydrolysis of starch
Dextrose
fat globules that rise to the top
Cream
liquid left when butter is removed
Buttermilk
fat globules that unite when milk is churned
Butter
liquid separated from the coagulum -
contains lactose and inorganic salts
Whey
evaporation of milk in a vacuum
& sterilization by autoclaving
Condensed milk
formed when skimmed milk is treated
with rennin
Coagulum
fermented milk
Kumyss
obtained after proper treatment of the
coagulum
Cheese
evaporating milk with extract of malt
Malted milk
Therapeutic use is to decrease blood ammonia
concentration in portal-systemic encephalopathy
Lactulose
Wood sugar - diagnostic agent to evaluate intestinal
absorption
Xylose
Succus cerasi - Prunus cerasus (Rosaceae)
Contains 1% malic acid
Cherry Juice
- Dicarboxylic acid
- By-product of the wine industry
- Used in:
o buffer system
o effervescent formulations
Tartaric acid
- Tricarboxylic acid
- Lemon juice (Scheele)
- Commercially from limes, lemons &
pineapples - Used as acidulant, systemic alkalinizer in
buffer system )
Citric acid
fermented grape juice
Wine
- By lactic fermentation of sugars
- Used as:
o acidulant in infant feeding formulas
o treatment of metabolic acidosis
Lactic acid
from wine
Brandy
fermented grain
Beer
Triticum aestivum
wheat
Zea mays (Poaceae)
corn
a hexitol from ripe berries of mountain ash
of Sorbus aucuparia (Rosaceae)
Sorbitol
Sources of Commercially Useful Gums
dextran, xanthan
Microbial Gums
from fermented malted grain
Whiskey
from fermented molasses
Rum
Solanum tuberosum
potato
isolation from manna (dried saccharine
exudate of Fraxinus ornus (Oleaceae)
Mannitol
Mixture of two structurally different polysaccharides:
a) amylose
b) amylopectin
Starch
D-fructofuranose polymer
Inulin
Citrus grandis
Pomelo
- reaction of cellulose with caustic soda
and methyl chloride - bulk laxative, suspending agent, topical
protectant (artificial tears)
Methylcellulose
Most abundant organic compound in nature
Cellulose
Cellulose occurs as very fine threads called
microfibrils
Sources of Commercially Useful Gums
hetastarch, CMC, hydroxypropyl
methylcellulose, methylcellulose, ethyl
cellulose, oxidized cellulose
Starch & Cellulose Derivatives
Is an α-1,6-linked polyglucan from sucrose by the
action of (dextran sucra) in Leuconostoc
mesenteroides
Dextran
Sources of Commercially Useful Gums
agar, carageenan, algin
Marine Gums
Sources of Commercially Useful Gums
pectin
Plant Extract
Sources of Commercially Useful Gums
guar, locust bean, psyllium
Seed Gums
Sources of Commercially Useful Gums
tragacanth, acacia, karaya
Shrub/ Tree Exudates
Lemon
Citrus Iimon
Dalanghita
Citrus nobilis
Orange
Citrus aurantium
Ponkan
Citrus sinensis
Kalamansi
Citrus microcarpa
Citrus autantifolia
Lime
Are ester of fatty acids and alcohol
o fats and fixed oils – ester of FA & glycerol
o waxes- ester of FA and HMW alcohol
Simple Lipid
Ester off FA, alcohol and another compound
Ex. Glycolipids, phospholipids
Compound Lipid
Products of simple and compound lipids upon
hydrolysis
Derived Lipid
Esters of high molecular weight monohydric alcohol &
high molecular weight fatty acids
Exs. Spermaceti
Waxes
Esters of glycerol & fatty acids
Exs. Olive oil, wool fat
Fixed Oils & Fats
Alcohols containing The cyclopentano-perhydrophenanthrene nucleus
Sterols
Esters containing glycerol in combination with fatty
acids, phosphoric acid & certain nitrogenous compounds
Exs. Lecithin
Phospholipids/Phosphatides
subst. isolated from the brain & other sources w/c on
hydrolysis yields fatty acid, galactose, & nitrogenous
compound
Ex. Sphingosine
Glycolipids/ Cerebrosides
using hydraulic presses
Expression
using organic solvents
Extraction
with steam w/ or w/o pressure
Rendering
The no. of mg of KOH reqd. to neutralize the free fatty acids in 1 g of the substance
Acid Value/ Acid Number
The no. of mg of KOH reqd.to neutralize the free fatty
acid and saponify the esters contained in 1 g of the
substance.
Saponification Value
The no. of g of iodine absorbed under prescribed
condition by 100 g of the substance
Iodine Value
Indicates the degree of unsaturation
Iodine Value
obtained by reacting H2SO4 w/ the oil keeping the
temperature by chilling
Sulfated/ Sulfonated Oils
prepared by passing H2 the presence of Nickel/Paladium through the oil heated to 160 to 200
Hydrogenated Oils
Terminating 2nd trimester pregnancy
Prostaglandin F2a, PGE2a or Dinoprost
oxidation-reduction reaction
Oxidoreductases
Are C20 metabolites formed in the body from essential,
unsaturated fatty acids of the diet
Prostaglandins
Are obtained from the hydrolysis of fats or oils
Fatty Acids
transfer of a group other than H
Transferases
hydrolysis of esters, ether, peptide, etc.
Hydrolases
removal of a group from substrate by mechanism other than hydrolysis
Lyases
linkage of two compounds
Ligases/synthetases
bleeding (nosebleed) is the principal sign of
overdose
Heparin Na
interconversion of optic, geometric & positional isomers
Isomerases
nitrogenous organic substances produced by &
associated with living matter
the primary component of all living matter
are macromolecules which differ primarily from each other
in the number & kinds of amino acid residues present & in
the sequence of these in the polymer chain
PROTEINS
drugs of
choice when immediate anticoagulation effect
is desired
Heparin Na
can be antagonized by protamine SO4
Heparin Na
1st available agent used for dissolving blood clots
Streptokinase
sugar ethers
Glycosides
compounds that yields one or more sugars among the
products of hydrolysis
Glycosides
condensation products of sugars with various kinds of
organic compounds with added restriction that the OH of
the hemiacetal portion of the carbon must participate in
the condensation
Glycosides
chemically, are acetals in which the OH of the sugar is
condensed with the OH of the nonsugar components and
the 2nd OH is condensed within the sugar molecule itself
to form an oxide ring
Glycosides
Black mustard (enzyme)
Myrosin
Black mustard (glycosside)
Sinigrin
From the seeds of cruciferous plant
Isothiocyanate Glycosides
White mustard
Sinalbin
o referred to as vitamin P or Permeability factors
o treatment of capillary bleeding
RUTIN AND HESPERIDIN
Rape seed
Gluconapin
represent a group
of bound poisons like the cyanogenic glycosides
GLUCOSINOLATES
Term applied by Okuda to a newly-discovered group of
tannins which are biosynthesized from both hydrolyzable
and a condensed tannin
Complex Tannins
Are complex substances usually occur as mixtures of
polyphenols that are difficult to separate because they do
not crystallize
Tannins
trx of burns
Tannins
Simple phenolic compounds often (often of low molecular
weight) present with tannin
Pseudotannins
form colloidal solution w/ water possessing acid
reaction w/ SHARP PUCKERING TASTE
Tannins
They may at certain conditions give precipitates with gelatin but do not respond to goldbeater’s skin test.
Pseudotannins
form dark blue/ greenish black soluble Compounds with
Fe salts
Tannins
forms deep red color w/ K ferricyanide and ammonia
Tannins
manufacture of inks
Tannins
reagent in the detection of gelatin, proteins and alkaloids
Tannins
antidote for alkaloidal poisoning
Tannins
also known as essences, ethereal oils, essential oils
Volatile Oils
odorous principles found in various plant parts
Volatile Oils
BASE NOTES
low volatility & high tenacity
(vanillin, musk, civet, ambergris). Provide staying
power for the perfume
evaporate when exposed to air at ordinary temperatures
Volatile Oils
generally are colorless but on standing are oxidized and
resinified thus darkening in color
Volatile Oils
Are judicious blends of odorants, each having its own
particular odor but whose combined odor is
characteristically unique
PERFUMES
most volatile (lemon oil, lavender,
anise) odorants
TOP NOTES
with intermediate volatility &
tenacity (thyme, neroli oil, rose oil)
MIDDLE NOTES
the HC portion of the oil which is liquid
Eleoptene
- formed via the acetate- mevalonic acid pathway
- are natural products whose structures maybe
divided into isoprene units
TERPENES
the oxidized HC portion of the oil which are
usually solid (with exceptions)
Stearoptenes
Are natural products whose structures may be divided
into isoprene units.
Are also called isoprenoids
Terpenoids
Are natural products of mixed biosynthetic origin
MEROTERPENOIDS
Mainly of plant or fungal origin, also formed by some
marine organism and insects
DITERPENOIDS
Most common component in plants responsible for odor &
flavor
MONOTERPENOIDS
Has a wide spectrum of biological activities
SESQUITERPENOIDS
Responsible for the yellow, orange, red and purple colors
seen in living organisms
TETRATERPENOIDS AND CAROTENOIDS
westphal balance / pycnometer
SPECIFIC GRAVITY
Laurent half-shadow
polarimeter
ROTATORY POWER
Refractometer (Abbe, Atago, etc)
REFRACTIVE INDEX
Mayer’s Reagent
Mercuric-Potassium-Iodide
Mayer’s Reagent
cream colored ppt
Marme’s Reagent
Potassium-Cadmium-Iodide
white or yellow ppt
Marme’s Reagent
orange colored ppt
Dragendorff’s Reagent
Potassium-Bismuth-Iodide
Dragendorff’s Reagent
red brown ppt
Wagner’s Reagent
Phosphomolybdic acid
Sonnenschein’s Reagent
Iodine in Potassium Iodide
Wagner’s Reagent
Scheibler’s Reagent
Phosphotungstic acid
yellowish white
Sonnenschein’s Reagent
Tannic Acid
buff color ppt
Picric Acid / Hager’s rgt
yellow ppt
smoking deterrent
Lobeline
parasympatholytic
Hyoscyamine
antidote in
poisoning caused by
cholinesterase inhibitors
Atropine
Scopolamine
anticholinergic
Cinchonine
antimalarial
Quinidine
principal
alkaloid employed
therapeutically
antimalarial in
many parts of the world -
diastereo- isomer of
quinidine
Quinine
emetic; for
treatment of drug overdose
and certain poisoning
Emetine
astringent in
the inflammation of the
mucous membrane
Hydrastine
skeletal
muscle relaxant -
diagnostic aid in
myasthenia gravis
Tubocurarine
most important
opium alkaloid - centrally
acting analgesic
Morphine
methyl
morphine - most widely
used opium alkaloid -
narcotic analgesics and
antitussive
Codeine
Diacetylmorphine
- formed by acetylation of
morphine
Heroin
cholinergic
(ophthalmic) drugs used in
the treatment of glaucoma
Pilocarpine
use as
suppressant for gout
Colchicine
Scientist for morphine
Serturner
Scientist for– isolated narcotine
Robiquet
Amorphous products w/ a complex chemical nature
Resins
End products of metabolism
Resins
Sp. Gr. Of resins
0.90 – 1.25
Are oxidation products of terpenes
Resins
Homogeneous mixture of resins w/ volatile oils
Oleoresins
Homogeneous mixture of gum and oleoresin
Oleo-Gum Resins
Resinous mixture that contains cinnamic acid, benzoic
acid or both or esters of these acids
Balsams
Glycoresin/Glucoresin
Resins in glycosidal combinations
Vitamin A1
Retinol
Vitamin A2
Retinoic acid
Vitamin D2
Calciferol
Vitamin D3
Cholecalciferol
Vitamin B2
Riboflavin
Vitamin E
Antisterility Vitamin
Vitamin B1
Thiamine
Vitamin C
Ascorbic acid
Vitamin K
Antihemorrhagic vit
Vitamin B3
Niacin
Vitamin B5
Pentothenic acid
Vitamin B6
Pyridoxine
Vitamin B9
Folic Acid
Vitamin B12
Cyanocobalamine
Biotin
Vitamin H
