Option D: Nutrition, HL Content

Question 1

D5.2 - Outline the causes of hypoglycemia

Answer 1

-

Question 2

D5.1 - state the normal levels of blood glucose at rest.

Answer 2

The human body normally keeps blood glucose level very stable (between 4.0 mmol/L -4.5mmol/L

Question 3

D5.3 - Explain the transportation of glucose at rest

Answer 3

Glucose uptake into a cell is facilitated by the glucose transport proteins GLUT-4 and GLUT-1
Muscle fibers also contain glucose transport proteins GLUT1 and GLUT-4
During rest, most glucose enters cells via the GLUT-1 transporters

Question 4

5.4.Outline the effect of training on an athlete’s ability to take in glucose at the cellular level

Answer 4

Exercise increases the amount of GLUT-4 transport protein cells which, in turn, enables a higher rate of glucose uptake into the cell for use as fuel

Question 5

6.1.2 - Acute effects of excess alcohol on the body – Cardiovascular system

Answer 5

Dilation of blood vessels, causing a feeling of warmth but resulting in rapid loss of body heat
Raised blood pressure
Passing out

Question 6

6.1.3 Acute effects of excess alcohol on the body – Thermoregulation

Answer 6

Question 7

6.2.1 Outline the possible effects of excessive chronic alcohol intake on body systems (KIDNEY)

Answer 7

KIDNEY:
Impairment in the ability to regulate volume and composition of fluid and electrolytes in the body

Chronic alcoholic patients may experience low concentrations of electrolytes as well as potentially severe alterations in the body’s acid-base balance

Disrupt hormonal control mechanisms that govern kidney function

Causes high blood pressure
Damage to liver requires kidneys to filter blood at a higher level, damaging the kidneys

Question 8

6.2.2 Outline the possible effects of excessive chronic alcohol intake on body systems (HEART)

Answer 8

HEART:
Increased BP
Irregular HR
Decreased left ventricular function
Blood clots
Stroke
Cardiomyopathy
Heart Attack

Question 9

6.2.3 - Outline the possible effects of excessive chronic alcohol intake on body systems (BRAIN)

Answer 9

BRAIN:
thiamine, or vitamin B1, deficiency associated with chronic heavy drinking can lead to Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Symptoms may include confusion, impaired coordination, learning problems, and memory difficulties

Can harm the brain, resulting in symptoms such as sleep changes, alterations in mood, personality changes, depression, anxiety, impaired concentration, and incoordination

Too much alcohol may also hinder new brain cell growth

Question 10

6.3 - Discuss the effects of alcohol on athletic performance

Answer 10

ERGOGENIC EFFECTS
- Anti-tremor
Low amounts of alcohol (0.02-0.05 g/dL) might assist in sports such as shooting and archery by reducing hand tremors, but levels above this will have a negative impact

ERGOLYTIC EFFECTS
- Balance
Power and strength
Endurance
Speed
Coordination
Reaction time and cognitive processing
Cardiac functioning
Inhibition of gluconeogenesis

Any amount of alcohol is likely to impair performance in activities such as running and power sports

Question 11

6.1.4 Acute effects of excess alcohol on the body – Neurologic systems

Answer 11

Lowered inhibitions, leading to poor social judgment
Trouble concentrating
Loss of coordination
Loss of critical judgment
Dulled perception, especially vision
Mood swings

Question 12

6.1. Describe the acute effects of excess alcohol on the body

Answer 12

Hydration and kidney function
* Cardiovascular system
* Thermoregulation
* Neurologic systems.