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IB Sports Exercise and Health Science > 3.(1-3) Energy Systems, ALL > Flashcards

3.(1-3) Energy Systems, ALL Flashcards

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1
Q

List the macronutrients and micronutrients.

1.1

A

Macro: provide calories/energy & are required in large amounts
1. lipid (fat)
2. carbohydrate
3. protein
4. water

Micro: required in small amounts to orchestrate wide variety of physiological functions (not made by organism, except vitamin D)
1. vitamins
2. minerals
3. fibre

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2
Q

Outline the functions of macronutrients and micronutrients

1.2

A
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3
Q

State the chemical composition
of a glucose molecule.
1.3

A

C₆H₁₂O₆ (1:2:1 ratio)
simplest/empirical formula: CH₂O

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4
Q

Identify a diagram representing the basic structure of a glucose molecule

1.4

A
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5
Q

How are carbohydrates synthesized & classified?

A

Synthesized by plants from water & carbon dioxide via photosynthesis. Carbs= source of cellular metabolic energy

Classified by nr. of molecules present
1 Molecule: Monosaccharide
2 Molecules: Disaccharide
3-9 Molecules: Oligosaccharide
10 or more: Polysaccharide

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6
Q

Explain how glucose molecules can combine to form disaccharides and polysaccharides.

1.5

A

Condensation Reactions

  • linking of monosaccharide to another monosaccharide, disaccharide or polysaccharide by removal of 1 water molecule
  • basis synthesis of all important biological macromolecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids) from simpler sub-units (monomers)
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7
Q

Give an overview of carbohydrate metabolism

A

Carbohydrates digested to monosaccharides -> abosrbed across gut lining & transported to liver. Then glucose transported to body’s cells.
Main users of glucose: RBC, brain, skeletal muscle, heart

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8
Q

Whats a monosaccharide?

A

most simple form of carbs (sugar), 1 molecule, easily absorbed by body, metabolic fuel

E.g.:
* Fructose
* Galactose
* Glucose

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9
Q

Whats a disaccharide?

A

Combination of 2 monosaccharides
Each disaccharide contains glucose
Formed by dehydration synthesis (condensation reaction) from removal of water

Examples:
* Glucose + Fructose = sucrose (+ water)
* Glucose + Galactose = lactose (+ water)
* Glucose + Glucose = maltose (+ water)

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10
Q

Whats a polysaccharide?

A

10 or more sugar molecules combined
energy stores or
* starch: Plants store glucose in roots & tubers, seeds, grains & some fruits -> (How plants store glucose)
* glycogen: polysaccharide of glucose, main storage form of glucose in our bodies -> (How animals store glucose)

structural compounds
* Cellulose: Many glucose molecules bound together. Non-starch found in plant cell walls. Difficult to digest and is commonly known as: FIBER

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11
Q

State the composition of a
molecule of triacylglycerol.

1.6

A

Lipids (oils, fats, waxes): consist primarily of triacylglycerols (triglycerides), also as phospholipids & sterols.

Triglycerides: composed of glycerol molecule & 3 fatty acid chains

  • Stored in adipose tissue & skeletal muscle

Function:

  1. Long-Term Energy Storage
  2. Fat in adipose tissue protects vital organs & helps to control body temp.
  3. Dietary Fat, synthesis of hormones, vitamin D (sterols) and cell membranes (sterols, phospholipids)
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12
Q

Distinguish between saturated
and unsaturated fatty acids.

1.7

A

Saturated Fats: no double bonds btw. individual carbon atoms of fatty acid chain.

  • originate from animal sources (e.g. meat, poultry, full-fat dairy products, tropical oils)
  • usually solid at room temp.

Unsaturated Fats: contain 1+ double bonds btw. carbon atoms in fatty acid chain

  • originate from plant-based foods (e.g. oilive oil, olives, avocado, peanuts, cashew nuts, canola oil & seeds, sunflower oil & rapeseed)
  • can be monounsaturated or polyunsaturated
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13
Q

State the chemical composition
of a protein molecule.

1.8

A

Protein= polymer of amino acids (AA)

  • linked in chains via peptide bonds
  • body breaks down food into AA & makes own protein
  • composed of C,H,O,N
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14
Q

Distinguish between an essential
and a non-essential amino acid

1.9

A

Essential amino acids cannot be synthesized by human body & must be obtained from diet (8/20)

Non-essential amino acids can be synthesized by the human body.

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15
Q

Describe current
recommendations for a healthy
balanced diet.

1.10

A

Balanced Diet: provides all nutrients in right amount to maintain health & prevent disease

  • methods used to identify level of adequate intake of nutrients vary internationally

Dietary Recommendations: recommended amounts of essential nutrients in the diet

  • No internalional agreement about dietary recommendations

Dietary Guidelines: Recommended amount of foods, food groups or meals

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16
Q

State the approximate energy content per 100 g of carbohydrate, lipid and protein.

1.11

A

** Kilojoules (kJ)** common measure of amount of energy you get from consuming a food or drink

  • Joule = a single unit of energy -> 1000J = 1kJ

100g protein: 1720kJ
100g lipid: 4000kJ
100g carb: 1760kJ

17
Q

Discuss how the recommend energy distribution of the dietary macronutrients differs between endurance athletes and non-athletes.

1.12

A
18
Q

Outline metabolism, anabolism, aerobic catabolism and anaerobic catabolism.

2.1

A

Metabolism: All the biochemical reactions that occur within an organism, including anabolic and catabolic reactions.

Anabolism: Energy requiring reactions whereby small molecules are built up into larger ones.

Catabolism: Chemical reactions that break down complex organic compounds into simpler ones, with the net release of energy.

  • Aerobic catabolism: Compounds breaking down in the presence of oxygen
  • Anaerobic catabolism: Compounds breaking down in the absence of oxygen
19
Q

State what glycogen is and its major storage sites.

2.2

A

When body has more glucose than neeeded, it’s stored as glycogen predominantly in liver & muscle tissue.

20
Q

State the major sites of triglyceride storage.

2.3

A

Adipose tissue and skeletal muscle

21
Q

Explain the role of insulin in the formation of glycogen and the accumulation of body fat.

2.4

A

Insulin: tells body to store excess glucose as glycogen & stimulates lipogenisis/ formation & storage of triglycerides:
1. Uptake of fatty acids by fat cells, which are converted to triglycerides
2. Triglycerides stored for future use in adipose tissue as body fat
3. Conversion of excess glucose into triglycerides, which are also stored as body fat in adipose tissue

22
Q

Outline glycogenolysis and lipolysis.

2.5

A

Glycogenolysis- Glyogen Breakdown into Glucose
When body needs more glucose than it obtains from diet, glycogen (stored in liver & muscle) is broken down back into glucose.

  • liver glycogen used to maintian blood-glucose levels to meet needs of entire individual
  • muscle glycogen used to meet needs of muscles only

Lypolysis- Fat Breakdown
1. Triglycerides are released into bloodstream & broken down into fatty acids & glycerol via lipolysis
2. Fatty acids transported to mitochondria
3. BETA oxidation of fatty acids to produce ATP
4. Fatty acids slowly broken down over 4 repeated stages, reducing carbon bonds each time -> produces ACETYL-CoA
5. Acetyl-CoA further metabolized in KREBS Cycle to produce large ATP amounts

23
Q

Outline the functions of glucagon and adrenaline during fasting and exercise.

2.6

A

Energy metabolism controlled by hormones including: insulin, glucagon, adrenaline, cortisol, growth hormones

Glucagon
Exercise or prolonged time w/ no food caused drop in blood glucose which is detected by pancreas -> glucagon released by α-cells of pancreas to simulate glycogenolysis to increase blood glucose levels & use.
Adrenaline also increases w/ low gllucose levels & promotes glycogenolysis & lipolysis

24
Q

Explain the role of insulin and muscle contraction on glucose uptake during exercise.

2.7

A

Insulin: Meal eaten and glucose levels rise which is detected by pancreas -> secretes insulin from β-cells to increase transport of glucose into cells (muscle and liver), while glycogenesis promoted & lipolysis inhibited. Results in decreased blood glucose levels.

Muscle Contraction: When insulin binds to its receptors on the skeletal muscle cell, a translocation of GLUT 4 (glucose transporter) from within the vesicles to the cell wall occurs. Muscle contraction causes the same translocation to happen. The translocation of GLUT 4 channel to the cell membrane allows glucose uptake into the cell from the bloodstream via facilitated diffusion.

25
Q

Annotate a diagram of the ultrastructure of a generalized animal cell.

3.1

A
26
Q

Annotate a diagram of the ultrastructure of a mitochondrion.

3.2

A
27
Q

Define the term cell respiration.

3.3

A

Cell respiration is the controlled release of energy in the form of ATP from organic compounds in cells.

28
Q

Explain how adenosine can gain
and lose a phosphate molecule.

3.4

A

Bonds btw. 3 inorganic phosphate groups are very energy-rich. Energy is released when ATP molecule combines w/ water, loosing its last phosphate.

Reverse process is phosphorylation- ATP synthesized by adding phosphate group to compound adenosine diposphate (ADP)

29
Q

Explain the role of ATP in muscle contraction.

3.5

A

Muscle contraction/elongated muscle fibers require large amount of energy. Muscle fibers have biochemical capacity to produce ATP using energy sources (carbs/fats).

Nervous system stimulates muscle fibers to contract -> contractile proteins (actin & myosin) use ATP to provide chemical energy to drive contraction process.

Muscle has sufficient ATP for only 2 seconds of muscular activity, exercise longer than 2 seconds needs to come from another ATP source

  • source of ATP is in biochemical pathway within muscle cell: energy system
  • performance off energy systems influences contraction of muscle -> can influence performance
30
Q

Describe the re-synthesis of ATP by the ATP–CP system.

3.6

A

Creatine Phosphate (PCr)- High energy compound present in muscles.
Creatine Kinase Reaction- liberates chemical energy to synthesize ATP

  • ANAEROBIC ENERGY SYSTEM
  • Creatine Phosphate + ADP + H+ ↔ Creatine + ATP
  • PCr broken down to provide phosphate molecule for re-synthesis of ATP that was used during initial stages of exercise (first 2 sec)
  • Occurrs quickly & very important in hard exercise (e.g. sprints)
  • Reaction can occur in both directions: when at rest & muscle recovers from exercise ATP can be used to refill PCr store in muscle
31
Q

Describe the production of ATP by the lactic acid system.

3.7

A

ANAEROBIC ENERGY SYSTEM

Glycolysis-metabolic pathway in cytoplasm that releases energy in glucose as ATP & produces pyruvate. When oxygen is absent (high intensity exercise) or mitochondria in limited supply pyruvate is converted to lactate and 2 ATP. Small ATP supply can meet demands of high intensity exercise when PCr input fades for a short while until lactic acid accumulation reduces muscle pH -> discomfort & muscle contraction ability decreases.

32
Q

Explain the phenomena of oxygen deficit and oxygen debt.

3.8

A

Oxygen Deficit: The body needs oxygen from the moment we begin to exercise. The body gets into oxygen deficit because oxygen need and oxygen supply do not match .

Oxygen debt is now known as excess postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC).

  • EPOC: During recovery, oxygen use continues at a rate greater than what is needed at rest.
  • additional oxygen demands persist during recovery, needed for processes like restoration of tissue & myoglobin oxygenation
33
Q

Describe the production of ATP from glucose and fatty acids by the aerobic system.

3.9

A

Glucose Oxidation
Glycolysis

  • glucose broken down into 2 pyruvate & 2 ATP
  • hydrogen ions (electrons) released

If oxygen is present, AEROBIC Energy system= Krebs cycle

  • pyruvate converted to acetyl CoA which enters Krebs cycle in mitochondria
  • chemical reactions convert it to water & CO2
  • hydrogen ions (electrons) released

Released hydrogen ions carried to electron transport chain (ETC) by coenzymes where energy to form ATP is produced

Fat Oxidation
Fatty acid molecules enter mitochondria, beta oxidation remove 2-carbon units from fatty acid chains

  • beta-oxidation enzymes in mitochondria matrix
  • process produces acetyl CoA which has same fate in oxidation metabolism as that produced from glucose
  • fat cant be used anaerobically
34
Q

Discuss the characteristics of the three energy systems and their relative contributions during exercise.

3.10

A
35
Q

Evaluate the relative contributions of the three energy systems during different types of exercise.

3.11

A

As exercise intensity increases, describe the change in energy requirement and provision (of ATP):

  • As exercise intensity increases, so too does the requirement for ATP. At higher intensity exercise, ATP requirements immediate and in a large amount. At lower intensity exercise, ATP requirement is more slow and constant
  • Rest: Aerobic (Fat and Carb)
  • Moderate: Aerobic, Anaerobic (Lactic)
  • Brisk: Anaerobic (Lactic), Aerobic (Carb)
  • Maximal: PCr, Anaerobic

Explain the use of Fatty Acids and Carbohydrates (Glucose) as exercise intensity increases.

  • Glucose is used throughout all exercise intensities (Aerobic at low intensity, Anaerobic Lactic Acid at higher intensities. Fatty Acids are only used at lower intensity exercise. Above 90% of max exercise, no fatty acids are used as fuel.
36
Q

Evaluate the relative contribution of the energy systems when competing in an endurance running event.

A
37
Q

Compare and contrast the dietary macronutrient requirements of a trained endurance cyclist and a trained sprint cyclist.

A
38
Q

Explain how the structure and function of fast twitch muscle fibres contribute to the performance of a sprinter. [5]

A

IB Sports Exercise and Health Science (24 decks)

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