1.1 Skeletal System

Question 1

Distinguish anatomically between the axial and appendicular skeleton.
Annotate
1.1

Answer 1

Axial: Skull, sternum, ribs, vertebral column
Appendicular: The pectoral (shoulder) girdle, Pelvic (hip) girdle, bones of upper and lower limbs

Question 2

Label the vertebral column
1.1

Answer 2

7 cervical vertebrae, 12 thoracic vertebrae, 5 lumbar vertebrae, 5 sacral & 4 coccygeal vertebrae

Question 3

What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?
1.2

Answer 3

Support, Protection, Attachment, Storage and Release (vital minerals), Production (blood cells)

Question 4

Distinguish between the axial and appendicular skeleton in terms of function
1.2

Answer 4

Axial: Protection, Support
Appendicular: Attachment, Storage & Blood Cell Production

Question 5

State the functions of the vertebral column.
1.1

Answer 5

-transmits weight from body to pelvis & legs
-ribs attached to each side of vertebra
-protects spinal cord + supports head

Question 6

Describe the shape of the vertebral column.
1.1

Answer 6

cervical: smallest & fragile -> movement + flexibility
thoracic: less mobile, ribs attached -> restricts movement
lumber: biggest & strongest -> role in weight-bearing + high compression loads

Question 7

State the 4 types of bones.
1.3

Answer 7

Long, Short, Flat, Irregular

Question 8

Draw and annotate the structure of a long bone.
1.4

Answer 8

->

Question 9

Define the anatomical terminology to the location of bones.

Superior:
Inferior:
Anterior:
Posterior:
Medial:
Lateral:
Proximal:
Distal:
1.5

Answer 9

Superior: toward the head (upper or above)
Inferior: toward the feet (lower or below)
Anterior: further to the front (anterior view)
Posterior: further to the back (posterior view)
Medial: toward the midline of the body
Lateral: toward the side of the body
Proximal: closer to the axial body (toward the trunk)
Distal: further from the axial body (further from the trunk)

Question 10

The radius is ____ to the ulna
1.5

Answer 10

Lateral

Question 11

What are areas on bones where muscles may attach?

Answer 11

Origin- attachement on a stable bone which remains immobile for an action
Insertions- attachement on a moveable bone involved during action

Question 12

Define the term joint
1.7

Answer 12

When two or more bones come into contact OR articulate with each other

Question 13

What are the three connective tissues?
1.6

Answer 13

Tendons, Ligaments, Cartilage

Question 14

Outline the function of tendons.
1.6

Answer 14

Tendons are strong strips that attach muscles to bones.

They pull on bones when a muscle contracts to move a joint

Question 15

Outline the function of ligaments.
1.6

Answer 15

Ligaments are strong bands that connect bones to bones at joints.

Their elasticity allows the movement of a joint. Its strength stops movement outside of normal range

Question 16

Outline the function of cartilage.
1.6

Answer 16

Cartilage is a soft cushioning substance that covers ends of bones.

Acts as a shock absorber and reduces rubbiing of bone surfaces.

Question 17

Name the 3 joints in the body and distinguish between them. (relate to movement)
1.8

Answer 17

fibrous- connects edges of 2 bones, no movement allowed
cartilaginous- fibrocartilage disc, limited movement allowed
synovial-free movement -> most important for mobility

Question 18

Outline the features of a synovial joint
1.9

-articular cartilage
-synovial membrane
-synovial fluid
-bursae
-meniscus
-ligaments
-articular capsule

Answer 18

+ miniscus posterior to platella

Question 19

List the different types of synovial joints
1.10

Answer 19

Hinge, Pivot, Saddle, Condyloid, Ball and Socket, Gliding

Question 20

What are examples of long bones?
-long cyndrical shaft
-enlarged at both ends
-length greater than width

Answer 20

Femur, Tibula, Ulna, Clavicle…..

Question 21

What are examples of short bones?
-small & cube shaped
-usually articulate with 1+ bone

Answer 21

Carpals ,Tarsals

Question 22

What are examples of flat bones?
-curved surfaces
-vary thick or thin
-provide protection
-broad surface -> provides large area for muscle attachement

Answer 22

Scapula, Sternum, Pelvis, Ribs

Question 23

What are examples of irregular bones?
-specialised shapes for function

Answer 23

Vertebrae, Sacrum, Mandible

Question 24

What type of synovial joint is this?

Answer 24

ball-and-socket

Question 25

What type of synovial joint is this?

Answer 25

Hinge

Question 26

What type of synovial joint is this?

Answer 26

Pivot

Question 27

What type of synovial joint is this?

Answer 27

Saddle

Question 28

What type of synovial joint is this?

Answer 28

Condyloid

Question 29

What type of synovial joint is this?

Answer 29

Gliding