Ophthalmology Flashcards
3 immunological features that protect the eye
blink reflex
physical and chemical properties of eye surface
limit exposure/size
what are the two major components of tears and what do each contain
chemical - lysozyme, lactoferrin and transferrin, complement, tear lipids and secretory IgA
cellular - neutrophils, macrophages, conjunctival mast cells
what does the conjunctiva contain (3) and what is special about it
dendritic cells
mucosa associated lymphoid tissue
commensal bacteria
only part of the eye with lymphatic drainage
two things about the cornea and sclera
collagen coat and avascular
vitrous, choroid and retina aka
blood ocular barrier
what is sympathetic ophthalmia
what happens in it
cells involved
each eye called what
bacteria granulomatous uveitis
unilateral damage leads to loss of sight in both eyes
CD4 cells then CD8 cells
excited eye - damaged other called sympathetic eye
barriers of light to photoreceptors
light - ganglion cells - bipolar cells - photoreceptors
rods or cones type of light achromatic or chromatic where in retina convergence light sensitivity visual acuity
rods - dim light, achromatic, peripheral retina, high convergence, night light sensitivity, low visual acuity
cones - normal daylight, chromatic, central retina, low convergence, low light sensitivity, high visual acuity
what 3 things does the CSF do
mechanical protection - shock absorbing medium
homeostasis function
circulation - medium for mine exchange - supplies water, amino acids and ions and removes metabolites
what does normal CSF look like and what does it contain
clear colourless
little protein (15-45)
little immunoglobulin
1-5cells/ml
where is CSF formed and where does it travel to first via what?
what happens here?
where does the CSF then flow through to reach where?
what happens here?
where does the CSF then go via what?
what does it do here?
choroid plexus of each lateral ventricle -> third ventricle via 2 interventricular foramina
in third ventricle more CSF added by choroid plexus in roof of third ventricle
Flows through midbrain to reach 4th ventricle where more CSF is added by another choroid plexus
then passes through median aperture and paired lateral apertures to reach subarachnoidal space
circulates in centra canal of spinal canal
how much CSF is produced and absorbed daily
500ml
list signs of hypertensive retinopathy
attenuated vessels - copper/silver cotton wool spots hard exudates renal haemorrhage optic disc oedema dramatic fundal appearance
maculopathy stages and treatment
none, observable, significant
optimise medical treatment, laser, vitrectomy
SJS eye stuffs
occlusion of lacrimal glands
corneal ulcers
