Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2 > MSK > Flashcards

MSK Flashcards

1
Q

Where are skeletal muscle cells nuclei

A

at the periphery just under the cell membrane (sarcolemma)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the membrane around one fibre
around a group of fibres
around a muscle

A

endomysium
perimysium
epimysium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a sarcomere

A

unit of contraction - smallest contractile elements in a striated muscle cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is a motor unit

A

one motor unit and the muscle fibres it innervates

the fewer the number of muscle fibres it innervates the preciser the movement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Type 1 fibres

A 
red
lots of mitochondria
dont fatigue 
less force produced
slowly contracting 
aerobic respiration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

intermediate fibres

A

relatively resistant to fatigue

fast contracting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

type 2 fibres

A 
white 
fast contracting 
high force produced
not a lot of mitochondria 
anaerobic resp
fatigue easily
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

chondobasts become what

A

chondrocytes which are cartilage cells and live in the extracellular matrix in lacuna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what does the extracellular matrix consist of and that broken down is what

A

75% water

20% - 60% type 3 collagen - finer and 3D meshwork and 40% proteoglycan aggregates made up of GAGs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

hyaline cartilage
elastic
fibrocartilage

A

blue/white. translucent. commonest
hello
white. type 2 collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

haemopeisis occurs where

A

in bone marrow

from 20s only in axial and limb girdle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the outer bone called

what are the ends of the bone called

A

cortical

cancellous/trabecullar bone (mashed network)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

lines surrounding osteons called what

A

cement lines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

osteoproginater cells
osteoblasts
osteoclasts
osteocytes

A

surface of cells. reserve for osteoblasts
surface of bone. bone forming
large multinucleate. surface. bone reabsorption
within bone matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

why type of drugs are COX2 inhibitors
what does the COX enzyme do
lead to a decrease in what

A

NSAIDs
responsible for inflam and pain
peptic ulcers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

synarthrosis joint
amphyathrosis joint
diathrosis joint

A

fibrous
cartilaginous
synovial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

nociceptive pain
inflam pain
pathological pain

A

adaptive - early warning system
adaptive - activation of immune system
maladaptive - abnormal nervous system function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

polymyositis has what kind of infiltration

Derm?

A

endomysial lymphatic infiltration. CD8. segmental fibre necrosis

immune complex and complement deposit within and around capillaries in muscle, perifasicular muscle fibre injury, B and CD4 cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q 
actin 
myosin 
H zone 
A band
I band
A 
thin - light
thick - dark
just myosin 
all of myosin and overlapping actin 
the actin that isn't in A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what happens when muscle is not given a chance to relax and is continuously stimulated

A

tetanus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

isotonic contractions

isometric contractions

A

body movements and movement of objects - muscle tension is constant but muscle length increases

supporting objects in fixed position, maintaining body posture - muscle length is constant but tension increases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q 
Knee jerk
Ankle jerk
biceps jerk
brachioradialis 
triceps jerk
A 
L3, L4 femoral nerve
S1, S2 tibial nerve 
C5-C6 musculocutaneous nerve
C5-C6 radial nerve
C5-C6 radial nerve
23
Q

what is renal dystrophy

A

bone changes due to CKD

less phosphate excretion and inactive Vit D - secondary hyperparathyroidism

24
Q

what is a BMU

A

bone multicellular unit - location of osteoclasts and osteoblasts at sire or remodelling

25
Q

difference between a benign and a malignant soft tissue swelling

A

benign - soft, fluctuation in size, well defined, fluid filled cyst

malignant - larger, rapid growth, solid, ill defined, irregular surface, assoc LD and systemic upset

26
Q

what is a lipoma

A

neoplastic proliferation of fat

27
Q

what is a sarcoma
who does it occur in
ix
treatment

A

malignant soft tissue tumour arising from connective tissue
50-70s
biopsy
surgical reaction and adjacent chemo/radio

28
Q

what is osteopaenia

A

intermediate stage of osteoporosis

29
Q

3 points for cartilage

3 for bone

A

semi rigid deformable, permeable, avascular

rigid, non permeable, cell surrounded by vessels

30
Q

whats an osteon

A

functional unit of bone composed of lamella

31
Q

what are harverson canals

A

carry vessels through bone

32
Q

bone mineralisation involves what kind of crystals

what do osteoblasts secrete

A

calcium phosphate

osteoid

33
Q

what bone is laid down after a break and what bone replaces it

A

woven

lamellar

34
Q

CK levels 200-300x BL
20-30 x BL
2-5x BL

A

dystrophies like DMD, BMD, myotonic dystrophy
inflam mypoathies - polymysitis, dermatomyositis
neurogenic disorders

35
Q

what are the changed in DMD at a cellular level

A

alterations in anchorage of acting cytoskeleton to basement membrane leading to uncontrolled calcium entry into cells which triggers the apatotic pathway

36
Q

Signs of myotonic dystrophy

A 
myotonia - inability to relax muscles after exercise
cataracts
frontal balding 
weakness in muscles obv
ptosis - drooping of eyelids
hatchet like face 
low intelligence 
atrophy of mostly type 1 fibres
37
Q

neurogenic muscle disorders at a cellular level
small angulated muscle fibres
small round muscle fibres

A

adults

children

38
Q

what happens in motor neurone disease and what does it lead to

A

progressive degeneration of anterior horn cells

uncontrollable twitching of muscles

39
Q

why does myasthenia gravis occur

A

dysfunction of acetylcholinesterase - affects neuromuscular transmission

40
Q

what are some of the signs of myasthenia gravis

A 
drooping eyelids
difficulty swallowing 
fatigue
weakness
thyoma or thymix hyperplasia 
muscle activity gets worse with activity and gets better with rest
41
Q

what muscle does froments tests and what is it done in

A

adductor pollicus

cubital tunnel syndrome

42
Q

what are the three causes of intoeing and investigations

A

femoral neck antiversion - hip rotational angle
internal tibial torsion - foot shape, thigh-foot angle
metatarsal adductus - banana shaped feet

43
Q

What does the intermalleolar distance have to be at 11 year old to be referred

A

over 8cm

44
Q

what are the symptoms of 0-3 months early post and causes

A

fever, drainage, warmth, effusion

SA, strep, enterococci

45
Q

what are the symptoms at 3-24 months delayed low grade and the causes

A

persistent pain, device loosening, fistula

coag neg staph

46
Q

> 24 months have spread causes

A

SA, e.coli

47
Q

what is the procedure of prophylaxis for prosthetic joint replacement

A

1st dose given 60 minutes before start of op
2 doses given within 24 hours after the surgery
1.2g of co-amoxiclav (PA co trimoxazole)

48
Q

what is pseudo locking and when does it occur

A

stiffness after sitting

patellar dysfunction

49
Q

what should not be given in medial epicondylitis and why

A

steroid injection - risk of injury to ulnar nerve

50
Q

what does tibialis posterior tendon dysfunction lead to

where does it insert and what does it support

A

acquired flat foot
medial navicular
medial arch

51
Q

what two things does hallux valgus cause and what is the treatment

A

bunion over first metacarpal joint
rubbing of great and 2nd to a leads to ulcers and skin breakdown

wider and deeper shoes
spacer between the great toe and the 2nd toe

52
Q

what is hallux rigidus and what is the treatment

A

OA of the 1st metatarsal joint

arthrodesis

53
Q

neuroproxia
axohotemesis
neurotemesis

A

temp conduction block/demeylination resolves within 2 days

nerve cell axon dies distally from point of injury - regenerates at 1mm/day

nerve transected - surgery

2 (25 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions