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ENT Flashcards

1
Q

what Hz do humans perceive

A

20-20000

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2
Q

what is the tympanic membrane ratio to the oval window ratio

A

18:1

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3
Q

what is the resting state of the eustachian tube and what muscles are involved

A

closed

opened by tensor veli palatini and levator palatini

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4
Q

how many turns are around the modiolus in the inner ear

A

two and a half

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5
Q

how are the hair cells arranged

A

in height order

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6
Q

how are the hair cells polarised and depolarised

A

deflected towards longest - depolarisation

deflected away from the longest - hyper polarisation

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7
Q

what is otoconia

A

calcium carbonate crystals

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8
Q

what kind of receptors are the taste and smell ones

A

chemoreceptors

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9
Q

what types of cells do taste buds consist off

A

receptor cells and support cells

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10
Q

where are taste buds found

A

tongue in the papillae, palate, epiglottis, pharynx

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11
Q

how long is the half life for receptor cells and what do they synapse with

A

10 days

synapse with afferent nerve fibres

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12
Q

what are the papillae

A

finger like

give rough appearance to surface of tongue

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13
Q

types of papillae

A

filiform - most common has no taste buds
fungiform
vallate
foliate

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14
Q

how is the signal reached from receptor cells to control gustatory areas

A

signal by CN 7(chorda tympani branch), 9 and 10 via brainstem and thalamus

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15
Q

what are the 5 primary tastes

A 
salty - NaCl
sour - acids with free H+
sweet - glucose
bitter - lots of stuff
umami (meaty or savoury) - amino acids esp glutamate
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16
Q

what is ageusia and what is it caused by
hypoguesia
dysgeusia

A

loss of taste - nerve damage, inflame
decrease in taste function - chemo, meds
distortion of taste - glossitis, reflux, URTI

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17
Q

what three types of cells does the olfactory mucosa consist of

A

olfactory receptor cells
supporting cells
basal cells

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18
Q

what is the olfactory rod

A

ending of each neurone has a thick short dendrite and an expanded end - rod

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19
Q

what do odrants bind to

A

cilia

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20
Q

what is the life span of olfactory receptors and what happens when they die

A

2 months

basal calls act as precursors for new olfactory cells

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21
Q

how is smell smelt during quiet breathing

A

diffusion

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22
Q

what two things does a substance need to be in order to be smelt

A

volatile and water soluble

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23
Q

what is anosmia and what are the causes
hypsmia
dysosmia

A

can’t smell - nasal polyps, allergy
decrease smell - paskinsons
distortion of smell

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24
Q

transmission of waves into lymph causing basilar membrane to vibrate

A

oval window

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25
what does the round window do
acts as a pressure reliever to dampen vibrations after they have had an effect
26
Na and K conc of perilymph and endolymph and what do they both do
power sensory cells peri high Na low K endo low Na high K
27
what do you do if the eardrum is perforated?
check for infection if infection present - antibiotics if no infection then wait if within a few months the eardrum hasn't repaired then repair via myringoplasty
28
what is the treatment plan when a patient comes in with SNHL
confirm SNHL steroids then MRI
29
inflamed bilateral tonsils with grey/white exudates on tonsils
acute tonsillitis
30
unilateral | uvula pushed to one side
quinsy
31
grey/white membrane across pharynx
diphtheria
32
what is a pleomorphic adenoma who does it occur in what is its growing track like
benign common long history. asymp. slow growing
33
warthins tumour - what is it associated with - how does it present
``` benign parotid smoking slow growing painless may be cystic/bilateral ```
34
adenoid cystic carcinoma who symptoms
``` malignant parotid frequent perineurial invasions - facial nerve painless slow growing ```
35
what rheumatology condition can lead to salivary glad swelling
Sjorgens
36
how is webners done
centre of head
37
how is rinnes done
air and bone conduction each ear negative means can't hear anything on that side
38
what is balls palsy when does it occur how does it occur
commonest cause of facial nerve palsy following URTI sudden onset
39
if many nosebleeds and in littles area then what may be the treatment
cauterise - silver
40
what does a sebaceous cyst look like/produce
superficial | may produce white thick foul smelling fluid
41
describe a carotid aneurysm
fluctuant | bruit
42
what is otosclerosis what are the symptoms treatment
overgrowth of bony tissue of otic capsule progressive CHL and tinnitus if cochlear involved then mixed SNHL and CHL surgery
43
``` list the investigations for the following CHL SNHL Nerves affected blood in ear salivary glands facial fracture sinuses and nose orbital blowout fracture ```
``` CT MRI (looking for acoustic neuromas etc) MRI CT US with FNA CT first line for facial fracture CT CT ```
44
what drug dries out mouth
amitriptalline
45
scala media scala tympani scala vestiboli where
endolymph scala media | perilymph tympani vestibuli
46
difference between endolymph and perilymph
endolymph inside like intracellular (high K low Na) | perilymph outside like extracellular (low K high Na)
47
what is the otolith
article and saccule of inner ear which has otoconia
48
list some causes of ototoxicity
gent | carboplantin drugs
49
what can an orbital blowout fracture lead to
entrapment of muscles - diplopia | facial palsy
50
treatment for allergic rhinitis | if pregnant or breast feeding?
first line oral antihistamine esp if allergic conjucitivits nasal polyps/nasal blockage - intranasal corticosteroid (2nd line) preg - intranasal corticosteroid. oral antihistamine 2nd line or an add on
51
step up ladder of allergic rhinitis
anti histamine add corticosteroid if on corticosteroid increase to max dose if on max dose of corticosteroid then add oral antihistamine is still symptoms then ipratropium bromide if still symptoms them oral steroids
52
histology of tonsils | histology of adenoids
specialised squamous, deep crypts, lymphoid follicles ciliated pseudo stratified columnar, stratified squamous, deep folds
53
acute complications of bacterial sore throat | late complications of bacterial sore throat
scarlet fever, quinsy , sinusitis/OM | GN 1-3 weeks after, rheumatic fever 3 weeks after
54
What kind of toxin does diphtheria release
neurotoxin | cardiotoxin
55
where are laryngeal nodules in women
bilateral on middle 1/3 to posterior 1/3 of vocal cords
56
what do laryngeal polyps look like
unilateral and pedunculated
57
give 80-90% of cerebellopentine angle tumours
vestibular schwonnoma
58
what is pinna haematoma and how is it treated
collection of blood between the cartilage of the pinna and the overlying skin aspiration. incision and drainage. pressure dressing
59
what is an orbital fracture what is the weakest point what are the symptoms
impact injury to the globe infraorbital groove diplopia, ocular movement affected, bruising, decreased vision, oedema
60
CHL SNHL which kind of temporal bone fracture
longitudinal | transverse
61
Causes of chronic tonsillitis
strep pyrogens, HI, SA, strep pneumonia | 30% beta lactamase producing
62
give symptoms of adenoidal hyperplasia
obligate mouth breathing hypo nasal voice AOM/OME snoring
63
give symptoms of tonsillar hyperplasia
snoring muffled voice dysphagia
64
symptoms of otitis external
``` redness over out ear pain inflam red increase in ear wax can lead to CHL ```
65
mild discomfort over head or under cheeks assoc w URTI | severe pain, tenderness and purulent discharge
sinusitis - uncx - don't give AB - will heal within 14 days secondary bacterial infection - penicillin (doxycycline)
66
reasons for giving AB in OME
persistent >3/12 CHL >25db speech/language issues
67
investigations for dizziness
``` otoscope neurological exam BP balance audiometer ```
68
treatment for meniers
betahistine

2 (25 decks)

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