Opening up China to foreigners, 1860-70 Terms and significance of the treaty of tianjin

Question 1

when was the treaty of tianjin ratified

Answer 1

1860

Question 2

what were the terms of the treaty of tianjin (7)

Answer 2

Britain, france, russia and USA have the right to station legations in Beijing, 11 more Chinese trading ports open to foreign trade, foreign vessels can go up the yangztee, foreigners can travel into china (missionaries), religious liberty to all christians, 6 million taels reparations, not allowed to call british barbarians

Question 3

what was an issue raised by the freedom and growth of christianity

Answer 3

threatened confucian values – backbone of the Qing

Question 4

what did the allowance for permanent residence of foreign reps in Beijing show

Answer 4

an end to the established tributary relations- loss of emperor’s virtue

Question 5

when did the self strengthening movement begin

Answer 5

1861

Question 6

when did the Zongli Yamen open, what was it

Answer 6

1861- foreign office

Question 7

what was the Tongwen Guan

Answer 7

schools to train the children of bannermen in foreign languages, opened in Guangzhou and Shanghai but the quality of candidates for these schools was low

Question 8

when was the post of superintendent for trade created and where?

Answer 8

1861- Tianjin

Question 9

why was the post of superintendent for trade created

Answer 9

as a tactic aimed at weakening the foreign representatives by concentrating foreign affairs in the hands of tianjin officials

Question 10

what happened during the negotiations of the treaty of tianjin in 1858

Answer 10

when British officials travelled to Tianjin, the emperor was opposed to Ratification (embasies undermining him), Chinese had repaired forts and blocked the river so the brits and french attacked Tianjin

Question 11

what were the British and French met with when they attacked Tianjin

Answer 11

strong opposistion- many officials were imprisoned ans executed

Question 12

what did the Brits/French do in 1860

Answer 12

burnt the summer palace

Question 13

why did Russia and the USA also push for trade agreements

Answer 13

recognised China’s weakness, Russia seized land north of korea

Question 14

when was the Taiping Rebellion

Answer 14

1850-64

Question 15

what were the Taiping and Nian rebellions examples of

Answer 15

revolts against the Qing and influence of foreigners

Question 16

how did the Taiping and Nian rebellions underline some positives of the treaty

Answer 16

foreigners needed to protect their interests and uphold the Qing, not in their interest to let it fall- Ever victorious army defeated the rebellions and allowed china to focus on self strengthening

Question 17

What was the aim of the self-strengthening movement

Answer 17

to strengthen the nation by preserving the Qing + maintaining confucian values while embracing western military values and industrial practices

Question 18

who was the most prominent leader of the self strengthening movement

Answer 18

Li Hongzhang

Question 19

what was the Jiangnan arsenal in shanghai?

Answer 19

1865- first chinese mass producers of ships, guns, cannons

Question 20

what were two industrial examples set up by the self strengthening movement

Answer 20

Tianjin machine factory and Fuzhou navy yard

Question 21

where were promising students sent to do their learning

Answer 21

abroad

Question 22

when was there a roving mission to the USA

Answer 22

1868