Ideologies and individuals behind economic growth- Ideas and ideologies as factors promoting change Flashcards
what were Chinese ideas about economic growth before defeat in the opium wars
based on inflexible ideas of Chinese superiority
what was a major obstacle to economic growth during the Qing
the imperial throne- emperors meant to have the mandate of heaven, dramatic economic change was seen as disturbing the balance
what began to spread in the 1860s
the idea that industrialisation, trade and commerce, and a new banking system were needed to help modernise China
what were the ideas at the heart of the self strengthening movement
to get rid of foreign armies, china must first be an economically powerful nation (build up the industrial base), while the economy should be transformed the imperial government should remain unchanged (stop a political/social revolution)
when did the first phase of the self-strengthening movement begin?
between 1861-1872
what did the first phase of self-strengthening focus on?
development of military power and the acquisition of scientific ideas
what were some things that the government did during the first phase of self-strengthening
purchased iron-hulled European battleships and established shipyards and munitions factories, officers were sent to be trained in Germany/Britain/USA
why was there often wide-spread corruption during the self-strengthening movement
officials authorised projects that directly benefitted them and would divert money into their own pockets.
who led the conservative and anti-industrial part of the Qing government
Empress Dowager Cixi
what did Li Hongzhang become convinced of during the 1870s
until economic self-sufficiency was achieved, military modernisation would have little effect
what was a key feature of the second stage of the self-strengthening movement?
development of new industries like coal, cotton and steamship navigation companies
what was a core belief of the s.s movement
that central government administration was essential (this undermined china’s economic growth due to the corruption etc)
what was a key feature of the third phase of the self-strengthening movement 1885-95
backlash against the ideas– movement had always been suspect in the eyes of traditionalists in Beijing
how were new industries developed in the 3rd phase of the ss movement in the provinces
in an unorganised way, not centrally directed of controlled- mandarins were unable to imposed the new ideas on those loyal to confucian values
when was the sino-japanese war over territorial rights in korea
1894-1895
what was a direct effect of the crisis caused by the sino-japanese war
newfound calls for modernisation in china–not just elites, not merged with popular nationalism
what practices came under much scrutiny in newspapers in the 1880s and 90s
footbinding
what did students call for
modern army, banking system, constitutional government, railway network, agricultural reform, industrialisation – new education system
what two political ideas were merging together by the 1890s
industrial modernisation and political liberalisation
what was the young china movement
institutions that were set up to promote modernisation
what was the may fourth movement 1915-24?
a new interest in science and technology that developed among Chinese students, intellectuals and business people
what was one reason for the rejection of Chinese values during the may fourth movement
the failure of the 1911 revolution to create a modern republic in china – people thought that the revolution was not yet complete- needed to be a intellectual, scientific and cultural revolution as well as political
why did mass protest erupt amongst Chinese after the paris peace conference
Chinese demands for self-determination were ignored– but the protest just made other nations think that china was weak and backwards
what was the shanghai commercial association
political organisation of allied business men and workers and trade unions to represent the business of shanghai
what did chinese merchants do to show their attitude
boycotted Japanese goods, street vendors refused to sell them – use of economic power to achieve political goals
what did Mao think of stalin’s economic policies despite personality differences
he saw them as unquestionably correct and as a blueprint for china to follow
what did Mao indicate that china should do in 1949?
follow the soviet example and ‘lean to one side’ (either support USA /britain OR Moscow but not remain neutral
what did the Russian advisers in place in china from the 1950s bring with them
Stalinist central planning expertise and knowledge
what was the treaty of friendship and mutual assistance more a result of?
Mao’s economic desperation not a product of Maoist ideology
what were Mao’s economic beliefs
China’s peasants could build a new socialist society and out preform the west and Soviet Russia
what did Mao want china to become (as russia was)
a centralised command economy
why did China become economically dependent on the USSR following the start of the Korean War?
because the UN placed an economic blockade on China
due to a lack of currency, what did China have to pay the USSR with for their expertise?
meat, tobacco, soya beans etc
in 1949 how much of chinese industry could be described as heavy industry? what was this figure by 1952
26%, 42%
what did Mao believe was holding back the energies of the chinese people through bureaucratic state control? (after the first 5 year plan)
soviet style planning
what did mao refer to his own economic vision as?
“walking on two legs” meaning self sufficiency in industry and agriculture
what did Maos poor understanding of economics lead him to believe?
that if peasants worked harder to produce more food, production would go up in the industrial sector too and there would be more money to invest in the cities and the countryside
where did Mao think that economic change would come from?
the peasants
what did the Agrarian Reform law do in 1950
land was re-distributed between the peasants, landowners were denounced and shamed (sometimes even killed)
what was bad about Maos land reform
completely disrupted the traditional chinese rural economy– lost land and equipment they needed
what did Mao view as the solution to issues caused by land re-distribution?
collectivisation (sharing tools etc)
what became the new economic idea in the 1980s and 90s
state controlled version of free market capitalism
in 1978 what was the population of china and how many lived in poverty
close to a billion and 250 million lived in poverty
what was the new Chinese capitalism to be based around
the four modernisations
what did the greater access of consumer credit in USA etc mean for china
it was able to become a manufacturing giant with overseas markets
by 1981 what percentage of the work teams created in the great leap forward were disbanded and replaced by family work teams (what was it by 1983)
45%, 98%
how did Rural China become industrialised
through the creation of Town and Village Enterprises that were part run by the state and part owned by private enterprise
What was Shenzhen ?
rural backwater that had been fenced off in 1979 when it became a SEZ– but between 1981-84 its economy grew by 75% pa
how much did the Chinese economy grow between 1981-1993 pa?
9.6%
