Ideologies and individuals behind economic growth- Ideas and ideologies as factors promoting change

Question 1

what were Chinese ideas about economic growth before defeat in the opium wars

Answer 1

based on inflexible ideas of Chinese superiority

Question 2

what was a major obstacle to economic growth during the Qing

Answer 2

the imperial throne- emperors meant to have the mandate of heaven, dramatic economic change was seen as disturbing the balance

Question 3

what began to spread in the 1860s

Answer 3

the idea that industrialisation, trade and commerce, and a new banking system were needed to help modernise China

Question 4

what were the ideas at the heart of the self strengthening movement

Answer 4

to get rid of foreign armies, china must first be an economically powerful nation (build up the industrial base), while the economy should be transformed the imperial government should remain unchanged (stop a political/social revolution)

Question 5

when did the first phase of the self-strengthening movement begin?

Answer 5

between 1861-1872

Question 6

what did the first phase of self-strengthening focus on?

Answer 6

development of military power and the acquisition of scientific ideas

Question 7

what were some things that the government did during the first phase of self-strengthening

Answer 7

purchased iron-hulled European battleships and established shipyards and munitions factories, officers were sent to be trained in Germany/Britain/USA

Question 8

why was there often wide-spread corruption during the self-strengthening movement

Answer 8

officials authorised projects that directly benefitted them and would divert money into their own pockets.

Question 9

who led the conservative and anti-industrial part of the Qing government

Answer 9

Empress Dowager Cixi

Question 10

what did Li Hongzhang become convinced of during the 1870s

Answer 10

until economic self-sufficiency was achieved, military modernisation would have little effect

Question 11

what was a key feature of the second stage of the self-strengthening movement?

Answer 11

development of new industries like coal, cotton and steamship navigation companies

Question 12

what was a core belief of the s.s movement

Answer 12

that central government administration was essential (this undermined china’s economic growth due to the corruption etc)

Question 13

what was a key feature of the third phase of the self-strengthening movement 1885-95

Answer 13

backlash against the ideas– movement had always been suspect in the eyes of traditionalists in Beijing

Question 14

how were new industries developed in the 3rd phase of the ss movement in the provinces

Answer 14

in an unorganised way, not centrally directed of controlled- mandarins were unable to imposed the new ideas on those loyal to confucian values

Question 15

when was the sino-japanese war over territorial rights in korea

Answer 15

1894-1895

Question 16

what was a direct effect of the crisis caused by the sino-japanese war

Answer 16

newfound calls for modernisation in china–not just elites, not merged with popular nationalism

Question 17

what practices came under much scrutiny in newspapers in the 1880s and 90s

Answer 17

footbinding

Question 18

what did students call for

Answer 18

modern army, banking system, constitutional government, railway network, agricultural reform, industrialisation – new education system

Question 19

what two political ideas were merging together by the 1890s

Answer 19

industrial modernisation and political liberalisation

Question 20

what was the young china movement

Answer 20

institutions that were set up to promote modernisation

Question 21

what was the may fourth movement 1915-24?

Answer 21

a new interest in science and technology that developed among Chinese students, intellectuals and business people

Question 22

what was one reason for the rejection of Chinese values during the may fourth movement

Answer 22

the failure of the 1911 revolution to create a modern republic in china – people thought that the revolution was not yet complete- needed to be a intellectual, scientific and cultural revolution as well as political

Question 23

why did mass protest erupt amongst Chinese after the paris peace conference

Answer 23

Chinese demands for self-determination were ignored– but the protest just made other nations think that china was weak and backwards

Question 24

what was the shanghai commercial association

Answer 24

political organisation of allied business men and workers and trade unions to represent the business of shanghai

Question 25

what did chinese merchants do to show their attitude

Answer 25

boycotted Japanese goods, street vendors refused to sell them – use of economic power to achieve political goals

Question 26

what did Mao think of stalin’s economic policies despite personality differences

Answer 26

he saw them as unquestionably correct and as a blueprint for china to follow

Question 27

what did Mao indicate that china should do in 1949?

Answer 27

follow the soviet example and ‘lean to one side’ (either support USA /britain OR Moscow but not remain neutral

Question 28

what did the Russian advisers in place in china from the 1950s bring with them

Answer 28

Stalinist central planning expertise and knowledge

Question 29

what was the treaty of friendship and mutual assistance more a result of?

Answer 29

Mao’s economic desperation not a product of Maoist ideology

Question 30

what were Mao’s economic beliefs

Answer 30

China’s peasants could build a new socialist society and out preform the west and Soviet Russia

Question 31

what did Mao want china to become (as russia was)

Answer 31

a centralised command economy

Question 32

why did China become economically dependent on the USSR following the start of the Korean War?

Answer 32

because the UN placed an economic blockade on China

Question 33

due to a lack of currency, what did China have to pay the USSR with for their expertise?

Answer 33

meat, tobacco, soya beans etc

Question 34

in 1949 how much of chinese industry could be described as heavy industry? what was this figure by 1952

Answer 34

26%, 42%

Question 35

what did Mao believe was holding back the energies of the chinese people through bureaucratic state control? (after the first 5 year plan)

Answer 35

soviet style planning

Question 36

what did mao refer to his own economic vision as?

Answer 36

“walking on two legs” meaning self sufficiency in industry and agriculture

Question 37

what did Maos poor understanding of economics lead him to believe?

Answer 37

that if peasants worked harder to produce more food, production would go up in the industrial sector too and there would be more money to invest in the cities and the countryside

Question 38

where did Mao think that economic change would come from?

Answer 38

the peasants

Question 39

what did the Agrarian Reform law do in 1950

Answer 39

land was re-distributed between the peasants, landowners were denounced and shamed (sometimes even killed)

Question 40

what was bad about Maos land reform

Answer 40

completely disrupted the traditional chinese rural economy– lost land and equipment they needed

Question 41

what did Mao view as the solution to issues caused by land re-distribution?

Answer 41

collectivisation (sharing tools etc)

Question 42

what became the new economic idea in the 1980s and 90s

Answer 42

state controlled version of free market capitalism

Question 43

in 1978 what was the population of china and how many lived in poverty

Answer 43

close to a billion and 250 million lived in poverty

Question 44

what was the new Chinese capitalism to be based around

Answer 44

the four modernisations

Question 45

what did the greater access of consumer credit in USA etc mean for china

Answer 45

it was able to become a manufacturing giant with overseas markets

Question 46

by 1981 what percentage of the work teams created in the great leap forward were disbanded and replaced by family work teams (what was it by 1983)

Answer 46

45%, 98%

Question 47

how did Rural China become industrialised

Answer 47

through the creation of Town and Village Enterprises that were part run by the state and part owned by private enterprise

Question 48

What was Shenzhen ?

Answer 48

rural backwater that had been fenced off in 1979 when it became a SEZ– but between 1981-84 its economy grew by 75% pa

Question 49

how much did the Chinese economy grow between 1981-1993 pa?

Answer 49

9.6%