Opening up China to foreigners, 1860-70, language schools, cultural awareness, missionaries and the Tianjin Masscre

Question 1

how would the teaching of western languages benefit china

Answer 1

help them in terms of international diplomacy whilst being able to maintain chinese character

Question 2

what education a new prospect in china?

Answer 2

no- jinshi exams needed to work in the government (2% of applicants were successful)

Question 3

Prince gong ideas?

Answer 3

in favour of western influenced reform, responsible for the tongwen guan

Question 4

how many students did the tongwen guan educate at a time

Answer 4

200

Question 5

what did the tongwen guan cover

Answer 5

english, french, russian and japanese– expanded to include astronomy and maths- international law, medicine

Question 6

what was the impact of the spread of language schools

Answer 6

introduced organised learning even if it was on a small scale.

Question 7

where were more small schools set up

Answer 7

the Jiangnan arsenal and Fuzhou shipyard– taught practice aswell as theory

Question 8

what did the schools in the arsenal and ship yard teach

Answer 8

western machinery, naval construction, mechanics etc…

Question 9

when was the Shanghai Tongwen Guan relocated to the Jiangnan arsenal

Answer 9

1869

Question 10

what did the elites in china begin to recognise after 1861-

Answer 10

that foreigners were there to stay and would remain a part of chinese politics

Question 11

what did the translation of Henry Wheaton’s “elements of international law” lead elites to understand

Answer 11

that there was more to foreign diplomacy than military might

Question 12

what did Christian missionaries have thanks to the treaty of tianjin

Answer 12

freedom to travel

Question 13

what were christian missionaries largely met with

Answer 13

wall of resistance and cynics

Question 14

what did chinese converts renounce

Answer 14

confusion orthodoxy and tenets like foot binding, concubines and ancestor worship

Question 15

what did efforts to reform the qing become associated with?

Answer 15

Christianity

Question 16

by 1900 how many chinese were catholic, how many were protestant

Answer 16

700,000 catholic, 100,000 protestant

Question 17

what did protestants use that spread ideas

Answer 17

printing, lots of literature was distributed and read aloud- message of christian tracts and the bible spread rapidly

Question 18

what increased the suspicion of christianity

Answer 18

the taipings- associated with it - direct threat to the Qing

Question 19

what were some rumours that were said about missionaries

Answer 19

that that mutilated pregnant women, raped female converts, engaged in incest

Question 20

what did missionaries play an important role in

Answer 20

translation western works on subjects like astronomy, also provided famine relief and helped cure opium addicts

Question 21

when was the Tianjin Massacre

Answer 21

1870

Question 22

why did the english and french have troops stationed in tianjin

Answer 22

to ensure it abided by the terms of the treaty

Question 23

why was resentment growing in tianjin?

Answer 23

tall churches disregarded Feng shui

Question 24

what did the french construct in 1869 that upset chinese

Answer 24

a church and orphanage on the site of an old buddhist temple

Question 25

what did the chinese misinterpret about the practices of the nuns

Answer 25

baptism, high mortality rates, thought that they were mutilating the children for medicines etc

Question 26

what happened when riot loomed in tianjin

Answer 26

french diplomat asked for protesters to move- he was shot at and missed, killing his servant

Question 27

what did the shooting of the servant lead to

Answer 27

full blown riot- buildings burnt and the french diplomat was killed

Question 28

how many were killed in the tianjin massacre

Answer 28

10 nuns, 2 priests, 2 french officials, 3 russians mistaken for french

Question 29

what did Li Hongzhang proposed to be done about the tianjin massacre

Answer 29

execution of eight leaders and exile of 20 for hard labour

Question 30

what was sent to france after the massacre

Answer 30

a delegation with an official apology

Question 31

what did the massacre show about china

Answer 31

weakness and willingness to bow down to foreigners (against its own)