Opening up China to foreigners, 1860-70, language schools, cultural awareness, missionaries and the Tianjin Masscre Flashcards
how would the teaching of western languages benefit china
help them in terms of international diplomacy whilst being able to maintain chinese character
what education a new prospect in china?
no- jinshi exams needed to work in the government (2% of applicants were successful)
Prince gong ideas?
in favour of western influenced reform, responsible for the tongwen guan
how many students did the tongwen guan educate at a time
200
what did the tongwen guan cover
english, french, russian and japanese– expanded to include astronomy and maths- international law, medicine
what was the impact of the spread of language schools
introduced organised learning even if it was on a small scale.
where were more small schools set up
the Jiangnan arsenal and Fuzhou shipyard– taught practice aswell as theory
what did the schools in the arsenal and ship yard teach
western machinery, naval construction, mechanics etc…
when was the Shanghai Tongwen Guan relocated to the Jiangnan arsenal
1869
what did the elites in china begin to recognise after 1861-
that foreigners were there to stay and would remain a part of chinese politics
what did the translation of Henry Wheaton’s “elements of international law” lead elites to understand
that there was more to foreign diplomacy than military might
what did Christian missionaries have thanks to the treaty of tianjin
freedom to travel
what were christian missionaries largely met with
wall of resistance and cynics
what did chinese converts renounce
confusion orthodoxy and tenets like foot binding, concubines and ancestor worship
what did efforts to reform the qing become associated with?
Christianity
by 1900 how many chinese were catholic, how many were protestant
700,000 catholic, 100,000 protestant
what did protestants use that spread ideas
printing, lots of literature was distributed and read aloud- message of christian tracts and the bible spread rapidly
what increased the suspicion of christianity
the taipings- associated with it - direct threat to the Qing
what were some rumours that were said about missionaries
that that mutilated pregnant women, raped female converts, engaged in incest
what did missionaries play an important role in
translation western works on subjects like astronomy, also provided famine relief and helped cure opium addicts
when was the Tianjin Massacre
1870
why did the english and french have troops stationed in tianjin
to ensure it abided by the terms of the treaty
why was resentment growing in tianjin?
tall churches disregarded Feng shui
what did the french construct in 1869 that upset chinese
a church and orphanage on the site of an old buddhist temple
what did the chinese misinterpret about the practices of the nuns
baptism, high mortality rates, thought that they were mutilating the children for medicines etc
what happened when riot loomed in tianjin
french diplomat asked for protesters to move- he was shot at and missed, killing his servant
what did the shooting of the servant lead to
full blown riot- buildings burnt and the french diplomat was killed
how many were killed in the tianjin massacre
10 nuns, 2 priests, 2 french officials, 3 russians mistaken for french
what did Li Hongzhang proposed to be done about the tianjin massacre
execution of eight leaders and exile of 20 for hard labour
what was sent to france after the massacre
a delegation with an official apology
what did the massacre show about china
weakness and willingness to bow down to foreigners (against its own)
