Oncology Flashcards
How can cancer be classified?
By tissue or blood cells where it starts
The type
What are the 2 types of cancer?
Solid tumors
Hematologic malignancies
Where do solid tumors arise from?
Specific tissue
What are types of solid tumors?
Sarcomas
Carcinomas
Where do sarcomas (solid tumor) begin in?
CT (tissues that the body uses to connect/support other tissues)
Where do carcinomas (solid tumor) originate from?
Epithelial tissues (tissue that lines organs)
Where do hematologic malignancies originate from?
Blood or lymphatic cells
How can metastasis occur?
- Direct invasion
- Through blood or lymph system
What is the #1 cause of preventable cancer?
Tobacco
*tobacco + alcohol= co-cargcinogenic
What are some suspected dietary causes of cancer?
- Low fiber
- Increased red meat
- Increased animal fat
- Nitrites
- Alcohol
- Preservatives and additives
T/F: obesity, physical inactivity, and poor nutrition can lead to cancer
T
Increased incidence of cancer in the ____
Immunosuppressed
The most important risk factor of cancer is ____
Aging
What race has higher risk for cancer?
AA then whites
Ex of a gene that puts you at risk?
BRCA1
Exposure to what is a risk factor?
UV radiation
Carcinogens (asbestos, soot, diesal exhaust)
T/F: Stress has no correlation to increased cancer risk
F
Chronic ___ can cause uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells
Irritation
Primary prevention
These are ways to help ___ the actual occurrence of cancer
Prevent
Primary prevention
No ____
Smoking
Primary prevention
Diet/exercise?
Exercise
Good nutrition; limit/eliminate alcohol
Normal body weight
Primary prevention
Get the vaccines for preventable viral exposures. Ex?
Hep B
HPV
Primary prevention
Avoid exposures to known carcinogens. Ex?
- Wear sunscreen
- Avoid second hand smoke
Secondary prevention
This is when we use ____ to pick up on cancer early when there is greater chance for cure/control
Screenings
Secondary prevention-FEMALE
What is recommended as secondary prevention?
Breast self-awareness
Secondary prevention-FEMALE
Beginning in their 20s, women should be told about the benefits and limitations of _____
Monthly BSE
Secondary prevention-FEMALE
What days of the menstrual cycle are best for doing the BSE?
Day 7-12
Secondary prevention-FEMALE
Post menopausal or women who have had hysterectomy should perform BSE when?
On same day every month
Secondary prevention-FEMALE
How often to get clinical self breast exam?
20-30 q1-3 yr
Over 40 q year
Secondary prevention-FEMALE
Mammogram-annually starting at age ___ with 2 views of each breast
40
Secondary prevention-FEMALE
Before a mammogram, what should you teach your client to not apply on their body?
No lotion, no powder, no deodorant
Secondary prevention-FEMALE
Pap smears beginning at age __ and performed every ___ if no problems
21, q3
Secondary prevention-FEMALE
Colonoscopy at age ___ then every 10 years if no problems
50
Secondary prevention-FEMALE
Testing the stool for fecal occult blood should be done ___ beginning at age 50, unless previous problems or positive family hx
Yearly
Secondary prevention-MALE
Provide info on BSE and have ____ clinical testicular exams
Yearly
Secondary prevention-MALE
Testicular tumors grow slow or fast?
FAST!!!
*many clinicians recommended monthly TSE
Secondary prevention-MALE
The major age group that gets testicular is who?
Young males–between 15-36
*teaching must begin early!
Secondary prevention-MALE
Digital rectal exam and prostate specific antigen (PSA) may be checked annually for men over the age of __
50
Secondary prevention-MALE
Colonoscopy at age ___ then every 10 years, and yearly ____
50
Yearly fecal occult blood testing
Tertiary prevention
Focuses on the management of long term care for clients with ____
Complex tx for cancer
Tertiary prevention
Ex?
Support groups
Rehab programs
