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Study > Acid-Base Balance > Flashcards

Acid-Base Balance Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major chemicals?

A

Bicarb
H
CO2

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2
Q

What is the lung chemical; acid or base?

A

CO2, acid

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3
Q

What are the kidney chemicals; acid or base?

A

HCO3- Base

H- Acid

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4
Q

Compensating organs: Kidneys

Remove acid how?

A

Through urine

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5
Q

Compensating organs: Kidneys

What do they do with bicarb?

A

Hold on and return it to blood OR excrete through urine

Bicarb is a base–so it is held on when things are too acidic

Bicarb is a base–so it is let go of (excreted through urine) when things are too basic

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6
Q

Compensating organs: Lungs

What is one way to get rid of CO2?

A

Exhale

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7
Q

Compensating organs: Lungs

When you HYPOventilate are you retaining or eliminating CO2?

A

Retain Co2

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8
Q

Compensating organs: Lungs

When you HYPERventilate are you retaining or eliminating CO2?

A

Eliminating CO2

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9
Q

Compensating organs

What organ takes hours to days to compensate?
What organs take seconds to minutes?

A

Hours to days: Kidneys (efficient)

Seconds to minutes: Lungs (not as efficient)

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10
Q

Respiratory acidosis

What problem and what chemical causing problem?

A

Lung problem so CO2 causing it

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11
Q

Respiratory acidosis

Too much or too little CO2?

A

Too much

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12
Q

Respiratory acidosis

Hypo or hyperventilating?

A

HYPOventilating (person retaining CO2 so having too much of it)

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13
Q

Respiratory acidosis

Who compensates?

A

Kidneys with Bicarb and H

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14
Q

Respiratory acidosis

What does body do with H to compensate?
What does body do with Bicarb to compensate?

A

Too much CO2 (acid) so need to EXCRETE acid (H) and retain the Bicarb (base)

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15
Q

Respiratory acidosis

What is pH?

A

Low (acidosis)

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16
Q

Respiratory acidosis

Causes?

A

Anything that makes you retain CO2

  • Incisions, narcotics, sleeping pills
  • Pneumothorax, collapsed lung, pneumonia

*note: all these cause hypoventilation and/or impaired gas exchange

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17
Q

Respiratory acidosis

S/s?

A
  • HA, confused, sleepy
  • Can lead to coma
  • Hypoxic
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18
Q

Respiratory acidosis

What are early s/s of HYPOXIA?

A

Restlessness and tachycardia

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19
Q

Respiratory acidosis

Restlessness think what first?

A

HYPOXIA!!!

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20
Q

Respiratory acidosis

If they are hypoxic, give them ___

A

O2

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21
Q

Respiratory acidosis

Tx?

A

Fix resp. problem

Tx pneumonia, get rid of secretions, do deep breathing, suction, give fluids, elevate HOB, incentive spirometry

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22
Q

Respiratory acidosis

T/F: Pneumothorax client will have chest tube

A

T

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23
Q

Respiratory acidosis

Encourage post-op clients to do what to help prevent resp. acidosis?

A

To turn, cough, and deep breathe!!

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24
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

What organ is sick? What organ compensates?

A

Sick: Lung
Compensate: Kidneys

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25
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

What do kidneys excrete to compensate?
What do they retain to compensate?

A

Excrete bicarb

Retain H

26
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

Problem chemical?

A

CO2

27
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

Gaining or losing CO2?

A

Losing!

28
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

Hypo or hyperventilating?

A

Hyperventilating (this is why all acid (CO2) is leaving)

29
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

pH?

A

High

30
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

Causes?

A
  • Hyperventilating
  • Hysterical
  • Acute aspirin overdose

*all these situations client is breathing too fast and removing the Co2

31
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

S/s?

A

Lightheaded or faint feeling
Peri-oral numbness
Numbness and tingling in fingers/toes

32
Q

Respiratory alkalosis

Tx?

A
  • DO NOT wait for kidneys to compensate!!
  • Breathe into paper bag
  • Sedate client to decrease RR
  • Treat cause
  • Monitor ABG
33
Q

Metabolic acidosis

What organ is sick?

A

Kidney

34
Q

Metabolic acidosis

What organ compensates?

A

Lung, compensates with CO2

35
Q

Metabolic acidosis

Problem chemicals?

A

Bicarb and H+

*the client is either retaining H+ making it too acidic or does not having enough bicarb (not having enough base to balance out)

36
Q

Metabolic acidosis

pH?

A

Low

37
Q

Metabolic acidosis

What happens with RR?

A

Increase (to get rid of acids)

38
Q

Metabolic acidosis

What kind of respirations?

A

Kussmaul respirations

39
Q

Metabolic acidosis

Causes?

A
  1. DKA and starvation —cells starve for glucose so body breaks down protein and fat, which produces ketones. Ketones are acids
  2. Renal failure
  3. Severe diarrhea (excreting too much base!)
40
Q

Vomit acid or base?

A

Acids

41
Q

Poop acid or base?

A

Base

42
Q

Metabolic acidosis

S/s?

A

Depend on cause
HYPERkalemia
Increased RR

43
Q

Metabolic acidosis

What are s/s of hyperkalemia?

A

Muscle twitching–> arrhythmias
Muscle weakness
Flaccid paralysis

44
Q

Metabolic acidosis

Tx?

A

Treat problem

Give IV sodium bicarb (base) to help fix (temporary)

45
Q

Metabolic acidosis

What is normal bicarb level?

A

22-26

46
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

What organ is sick?

A

Kidney

47
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

What organ is trying to compensate?

A

Lung with Co2

48
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

Problem chemicals?

A

Bicarb and H

49
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

The client is in alkalosis, so they are retaining too much ____ and excreting H

A

Bicarb

50
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

What do upper GI contents have–acids or bases?

A

Acids

51
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

What do antacids have–acids or bases?

A

Base

52
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

What are some causes?

A
  • Loss of upper GI contents (acids)
  • Too many antacids (base)
  • Too much IV bicarb (base)–like when you push a lot of bicarb with a code
53
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

S/s

A
  • Depend on cause

- Watch LOC

54
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

What happens to serum K?

A

Decreases

55
Q

Metabolic ACIDOSIS

What happens to serum K?

A

Increases

56
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

Patient is hypo or hyperkalemic? What happens?

A

HYPOkalemic

Muscle cramps–life threatening arrhythemias

57
Q

Metabolic ACIDOSIS

Patient is hypo or hyperkalemic? What happens?

A

HYPERkalemic

Muscle twitching (leads to arrhythmias), muscle weakness, flaccid paralysis

58
Q

Metabolic alkalosis

Tx?

A

Fix problem

Replace K+

59
Q

Metabolic acidosis= ?

A

Hyperkalemia

60
Q

Metabolic alkalosis= ?

A

Hypokalemia

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