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Urbanism and Planning > Olmsted > Flashcards

Olmsted Flashcards

1
Q

Three moral imperatives for a park

A
  1. To improve public health by sanitation measures and trees to combat air and water pollution
  2. To combat urban vice and social degeneration, particularly among children of the poor
  3. To advance the cause of civilization by providing urban amenities that should be available to all
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2
Q

Name few of the later urban planners that borrowed from Olmsted.

A

Ebenezer Howard, Frank Lloyd Wright, Le Corbusier

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3
Q

How do towns negatively affect its citizens according to Olmsted?

A

Elements in the air of towns are thought to affect the minds and moral strength of men.
Men are brought in close contact with others without any friendliness flowing toward them, possibly creating a tendency to regard others in a hard, if not hardening way

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4
Q

Which quarter of the city does Olmsted regard as establishing conditions of corruption and irritation both physical and mental?

A

The commercial quarter

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5
Q

What conditions does Olmsted propose for the other quarters of the city?

A

Air that is screened and purified by trees and recently reacted upon by sunlight, and where one does not require vigilance, wariness, and activity toward other men

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6
Q

What was the problem with the trees being planted in American streets at the time?

A

There was no desire to maintain them systematically.
They were planted on sidewalks where they would get in the way as they would grow larger and the streets busier.
They were planted in conditions that either kill them straight away or lessen their vitality and thus their chance of becoming beautiful

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7
Q

What are Olmsted’s two heads of recreation?

A

Exertive (or active) recreation

Receptive (or passive) recreation

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8
Q

What is exertive recreation?

A

Stimulates exertion of any part or parts needing it. Recreation in which the participant actively engages

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9
Q

What is receptive recreation?

A

Causes us to receive pleasure without conscious exertion

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10
Q

Into which categories can we subdivide receptive recreation?

A

Gregarious: enjoyed by a large group of people simultaneously
Neighborly: enjoyed by a small number of people under circumstances boosting personal friendliness

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11
Q

What was Olmsted’s ideal for a park?

A

A simple, broad open space of clean greensward, with sufficient play of surface and a sufficient number of trees about it to supply a variety of light and shade. This as a central feature. Furthermore depth of wood enough not only for comfort during hot weather but to completely shut out the city from the landscape

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12
Q

What was the urgency for Olmsted’s proposed plans?

A

Ground should be reserved for his purposes as soon as possible since it could soon be far more difficult to arrange his proposed plans due to the upcoming of private building

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13
Q

Meta-analysis

A

A technique in which the results of virtually all previous studies on a specific subject are evaluated together

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14
Q

Formulate the steps of the scientific of sociological research

A
  • Ask a question
  • Research existing sources
  • Formulate a Hypothesis
  • Design and conduct a study
  • Draw conclusions
  • Report results
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15
Q

Formulate the steps of the interpretive framework

A
  • Ask a question
  • Research existing sources
  • Decide a sample
  • Design and conduct a study
  • Draw conclusions
  • Report results
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16
Q

What is the main difference between the scientific method and the interpretive framework?

A

The scientific method aims for objectivity through external observation, while the interpretive framework aims to understand spatial phenomena from the standpoint of people experiencing them

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17
Q

What is meant by the “reliability” of a study?

A

Reliability constitutes the likelihood that a replication of the study will lead to the same outcomes

18
Q

What is meant by the “validity” of a study?

A

Validity constitutes how well the study measures what it was intended to measure

19
Q

Which other element next to reliability and validity is very importent in doing social research?

A

(Dealing with) personal values

20
Q

Environmental determinism

A

(1800s-1920s) The study of understanding the cause-and-effect relationship between the physical environment (local conditions like climate, topography, soil characteristics) and culture

21
Q

Ontology

A

Scientific study of what reality/truth is.

22
Q

Epistemology

A

Scientific study of how we gain knowledge/get to know reality.

23
Q

Nomothetic

A

Focuses on “the general”. Law-finding, generalizations. Closer related to realist ontology and etic epistemology.

24
Q

Idiographic

A

Focuses on “the specific”. Closer related to relativist ontology and emic epistemology.

25
Q

What are the two types of “ontology”?

A
  • Realism: a belief in one truth that is applicable to all beings even if there wouldn’t be any beings.
  • Relativism: truth depends on context/meaning
26
Q

What are the two types of “epistemology”?

A
  • Etic: one needs to be an outside objectives observer

- Emic: best way to study something is to be a part of it (interaction with experience)

27
Q

TO maps

A

Circular maps influenced by religious ideas.

28
Q

Carl Ritter (1797 - 1859)

A
  • Writer of “die Erdkunde”.
  • Geography as physiology.
  • The physical shapes the social.
29
Q

Alexander von Humboldt (1769 - 1859)

A
  • Comparing humans, animals, plants and landscapes of different regions.
    (Remember example of South American mountains and Ural mountains)
30
Q

What was the difference between the time before Ritter and Von Humboldt and after?

A

Before: straightforward descriptions of parts of the earth’s surface.
After: explanations and generalisations about relationships between phenomena and spaces

31
Q

Who conceived the Heartland theory and what does it mean?

A
  • Halford Mackinder
  • Political power is shaped by having control over land. He who would control the pivot area (large central part of the Eurasian continent) would control the rest of the world.
32
Q

Regional geography

A

(1910s-1950s) The physical and natural environment codevelop in interaction.
Thought leaders: Sauer, Vidal de la Blache, Hartshorne

33
Q

Planning

A

(1930s-present) Postwar reconstruction, the rise of the welfare state, and rational use of space.
Thought leaders: van Vuuren, Steigenga, van Paassen.

34
Q

Spatial Science/quantitative revolution

A

(1950s-1960s) Imitating the natural sciences in search of general laws of geography. Spurred by the idea of being a “real” science, as well as the rise of new techologies.
Thought leaders: Schaefer, Haggett, Hagerstrand.

35
Q

Tobler’s 1st law of geography

A

Everything is related to everything, but near things are more related than distant things

36
Q

Marxist geography

A

(1960s-1980s) The birth of critical geography: a critique of spatial science.
Looking at underlying mechanisms of spatial paterns.
Thought leaders: Harvey, Massey, Peet.

37
Q

Humanist & behavioural geography

A

(1970s-1980s) Human experiences of space and place.
A return to individual behaviour in human geography.
Thought leaders: Tuan, Buttimer, Ley, Hagerstrand, Williams.

38
Q

Feminist geography & increasing plurality

A

Gender, heteronormativity & space; a call for situated knowledge.
Thought leaders: Massey, Rose, McDowell.

39
Q

Classical/traditional ways of doing science

A

Based on strong social relations, often religious

40
Q

Modern way of doing science

A

Based on rationality and a strong unified idea of progress (for example enlightenment in Europe)

41
Q

Post-modern way of doing science

A

Based on situated rationality and context-specific truths

42
Q

Put the theories in chronological order and according to the main scientific streams (classical, modern, post-modern)

A

Classical:
TO maps

Modern:
regional geography
spatial science
marxist geography
behavioural geography

Postmodern:
feminist geography
cultural turn
post-structuralism

Urbanism and Planning (24 decks)

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