Mobility, accessibility and planning

Question 1

Explain the difference between mobility and accessibility:

Answer 1

Mobility is the physical movement of people and good by various means of transport.
Accessibility is the ability to obtain goods and services and reach destinations

Question 2

Why does infrastructure matter for land-use planning?

Answer 2

• Serves the current needs and demands for transportation/accessibility (residents, visitors, companies)
• It attracts (additional) urban development (ex. San Francisco, Rotterdam), can regenerate (but not always: Charleroi)
• Infrastructure needs coordination (very costly, one-time)

Question 3

Explain the Transportation Land Use Feedback Cycle:

Answer 3

What is the land use? -> what are the activities? -> what transport system is there? -> is it accessible? -> what is the land use -> etc.

Question 4

Name some of the negative aspects of transport:

Answer 4

• Significant (unsustainable) energy consumption
• Pollution (air pollution, noise pollution, visual pollution)
• Accidents
• Space usage

Question 5

What are the aims for urban planning with regard to mobility and accessibility?

Answer 5

• Encouraging better accessibility rather than mobility
• Creating the city of fewer and shorter journeys
• Shifting modal split in favour of walking, cycling and the use of public transport
• Minimizing the environmental and social impact of movement

Question 6

What is the modal split?

Answer 6

The proportion of journeys made by different modes of transportation

Question 7

Name the two types of trips:

Answer 7

• Passenger trips

- Freight trips

Question 8

From the Dutch ABC policy, what are Type A locations?

Answer 8

Sites with a high level of accessibility by public transport (major railway or metro stations) and high intensity of employment or visitors

Question 9

Explain the Type B locations:

Answer 9

Sites with both good public transport and highway accessibility (suburban stations near motorway junctions) suitable for less intense urban uses with requirement for both vehicular and public transport access

Question 10

Explain the Type C locations:

Answer 10

Sites near motorway junctions without good public transport access, suitable for activities requiring good vehicular access (logistics and industrial activities) with low employment density

Question 11

Name some examples of control over road space:

Answer 11

• Complete or partial prohibition of vehicles
• Restricting the direction of flows of traffic
• Restricting the, or parts, to specific users
• Controlling the flow and volume through light systems
• Controlling the flow and volume through pricing

Question 12

What facilities should residential neighborhoods provide?

Answer 12

Shopping, leisure, and community facilities

Question 13

What are ways to control parking?

Answer 13

• Control over the amount of space provided (or in certain locations)
• Limiting by time measurements (short-stay, after working hours)
• Limiting by type of users (disabled, residents)
• Pricing parking spaces

Question 14

What are the two categories that drive mobility?

Answer 14

Micro-level

Macro-level

Question 15

Name examples of micro-level drivers:

Answer 15

Economic: time, effort, costs
Behavioural: personal beliefs, social norms, emotion
Geographical: destinations and their value, principle of return, constraints for trip chaining

Question 16

Name the macro level drivers:

Answer 16

• Ageing population
• Societal preferences
• Technology

Question 17

What is Marchetti’s constant?

Answer 17

As we learned to travel faster, we tended to travel further. Maintaining about an hour’s daily travel time.

Question 18

What are downsides of facilitating movement?

Answer 18

• Transport infrastructure can be very bulky and intrusive
• Significantly impacts environmental quality
• Consumes considerable amounts of energy
• Unnecessary deaths and injuries

Question 19

What are downsides of facilitating movement?

Answer 19

• Transport infrastructure can be very bulky and intrusive
• Significantly impacts environmental quality
• Consumes considerable amounts of energy
• Unnecessary deaths and injuries

Question 20

Planning for accessibility is…

Answer 20

the means by which an individual can accomplish some economic or social activity through access to that activity

Question 21

What is the idea behind TOD?

Answer 21

More density and a mix of functions around main hubs (big train stations, metroline junctions, etc.) to improve accessibility for the residents

Question 22

What are challenges for TOD?

Answer 22

• Synchronizing transport and land-use development: transport waiting for development, development waiting for transport
• Conflicting sectoral policies (transport - land use)
• Long-term political and societal support
• Financial support structures (value capturing?), PPP

Question 23

Define urban logistics:

Answer 23

All activities concerned with moving goods into, out from, through, or within the urban area

Question 24

What are the impacts of urban logistics?

Answer 24

• Pollution
• Congestion
• Blocked streets
• Safety

Question 25

Name EU and NL policies towards sustainable urban logistics:

Answer 25

• White paper on transport
• European Green Deal
• Sustainable and Smart Transport Strategy
• SULPs: Sustainable urban logistics plans
• Green Deal Zero Emission City Logistics
• Paris Agreement
• EU air quality norms
• National Climate Agreement

Question 26

Give the measures for sustainable urban logistics:

Answer 26

• Legislation & policies: time windows, zero emission zones
• New delivery modes: cargo bikes, LEFV, boats
• Hubs and consolidation: shops supply, urban construction sites

Question 27

What are implications of the changing urban logistics?

Answer 27

• Where to place parcel lockers and how do people travel to them?
• Are our streets safe/suitable for cargo bikes?
• Are sustainable city logistics an opportunity for walkable cities?
• Impact of webshops and on-demand delivery on retail districts
• Impact on residential development