Mobility, accessibility and planning Flashcards
Explain the difference between mobility and accessibility:
Mobility is the physical movement of people and good by various means of transport.
Accessibility is the ability to obtain goods and services and reach destinations
Why does infrastructure matter for land-use planning?
- Serves the current needs and demands for transportation/accessibility (residents, visitors, companies)
- It attracts (additional) urban development (ex. San Francisco, Rotterdam), can regenerate (but not always: Charleroi)
- Infrastructure needs coordination (very costly, one-time)
Explain the Transportation Land Use Feedback Cycle:
What is the land use? -> what are the activities? -> what transport system is there? -> is it accessible? -> what is the land use -> etc.
Name some of the negative aspects of transport:
- Significant (unsustainable) energy consumption
- Pollution (air pollution, noise pollution, visual pollution)
- Accidents
- Space usage
What are the aims for urban planning with regard to mobility and accessibility?
- Encouraging better accessibility rather than mobility
- Creating the city of fewer and shorter journeys
- Shifting modal split in favour of walking, cycling and the use of public transport
- Minimizing the environmental and social impact of movement
What is the modal split?
The proportion of journeys made by different modes of transportation
Name the two types of trips:
- Passenger trips
- Freight trips
From the Dutch ABC policy, what are Type A locations?
Sites with a high level of accessibility by public transport (major railway or metro stations) and high intensity of employment or visitors
Explain the Type B locations:
Sites with both good public transport and highway accessibility (suburban stations near motorway junctions) suitable for less intense urban uses with requirement for both vehicular and public transport access
Explain the Type C locations:
Sites near motorway junctions without good public transport access, suitable for activities requiring good vehicular access (logistics and industrial activities) with low employment density
Name some examples of control over road space:
- Complete or partial prohibition of vehicles
- Restricting the direction of flows of traffic
- Restricting the, or parts, to specific users
- Controlling the flow and volume through light systems
- Controlling the flow and volume through pricing
What facilities should residential neighborhoods provide?
Shopping, leisure, and community facilities
What are ways to control parking?
- Control over the amount of space provided (or in certain locations)
- Limiting by time measurements (short-stay, after working hours)
- Limiting by type of users (disabled, residents)
- Pricing parking spaces
What are the two categories that drive mobility?
Micro-level
Macro-level
Name examples of micro-level drivers:
Economic: time, effort, costs
Behavioural: personal beliefs, social norms, emotion
Geographical: destinations and their value, principle of return, constraints for trip chaining
Name the macro level drivers:
- Ageing population
- Societal preferences
- Technology
What is Marchetti’s constant?
As we learned to travel faster, we tended to travel further. Maintaining about an hour’s daily travel time.
What are downsides of facilitating movement?
- Transport infrastructure can be very bulky and intrusive
- Significantly impacts environmental quality
- Consumes considerable amounts of energy
- Unnecessary deaths and injuries
What are downsides of facilitating movement?
- Transport infrastructure can be very bulky and intrusive
- Significantly impacts environmental quality
- Consumes considerable amounts of energy
- Unnecessary deaths and injuries
Planning for accessibility is…
the means by which an individual can accomplish some economic or social activity through access to that activity
What is the idea behind TOD?
More density and a mix of functions around main hubs (big train stations, metroline junctions, etc.) to improve accessibility for the residents
What are challenges for TOD?
- Synchronizing transport and land-use development: transport waiting for development, development waiting for transport
- Conflicting sectoral policies (transport - land use)
- Long-term political and societal support
- Financial support structures (value capturing?), PPP
Define urban logistics:
All activities concerned with moving goods into, out from, through, or within the urban area
What are the impacts of urban logistics?
- Pollution
- Congestion
- Blocked streets
- Safety
Name EU and NL policies towards sustainable urban logistics:
- White paper on transport
- European Green Deal
- Sustainable and Smart Transport Strategy
- SULPs: Sustainable urban logistics plans
- Green Deal Zero Emission City Logistics
- Paris Agreement
- EU air quality norms
- National Climate Agreement
Give the measures for sustainable urban logistics:
- Legislation & policies: time windows, zero emission zones
- New delivery modes: cargo bikes, LEFV, boats
- Hubs and consolidation: shops supply, urban construction sites
What are implications of the changing urban logistics?
- Where to place parcel lockers and how do people travel to them?
- Are our streets safe/suitable for cargo bikes?
- Are sustainable city logistics an opportunity for walkable cities?
- Impact of webshops and on-demand delivery on retail districts
- Impact on residential development
