Madanipour Flashcards
In what geographical area did Madanipour do his research?
Contemporary European cities
Which dimensions/spheres of social exclusion did Madanipour recognize?
- Economic exclusion
- Political exclusion
- Cultural exclusion
Explain economic exclusion:
A disadvantaged group lacks access to a decent income due to unemployment or being trapped in low-income jobs
Explain political exclusion:
excluded group is denied acces to power -> blocked from voting, holding political office, etc.
Explain cultural exclusion:
groups excluded based on language, religion, ethnicity, nationality, etc. They are denied a sense of belonging, social recognition, a secure status in society
Explain temporal exclusion
having a lack of “useful” time
Name examples of soft measures that can enforce exclusion
Signs, symbols, codes, norms, etc.
Name examples of hard measures that can enforce exclusion
physical blockades such as walls, fences, gates, etc
Are excluded groups always physically grouped together?
Not always, but often. Sometimes they are deliberately deconcentrated
How does Madanipour suggest to enhance economic inclusion?
Availability of, and access to reliable jobs with a decent income:
- provide education/training
- eliminate legal and other barriers
How does Madanipour suggest to enhance political inclusion?
Enabling greater access to decision-making
How does Madanipour suggest to enhance spatial inclusion?
Removing spatial barriers and ensuring fairer distribution of resources and opportunities (jobs/housing balance, good/cheap infrastructure, etc.)
Name two other important measures Madanipour suggests:
- decommodify space: reduce the role of the private real estate market in spatial placement of groups
- deliberate public planning to de-spatialize exclusion
