Obstructive airway disease

Question 1

what are emphysema and chronic bronchitis grouped as

Answer 1

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD

Question 2

away obstruction diseases

Answer 2

asthma, emphysema and chronic bronchitis

Question 3

how are obstructive airway diseases measured

Answer 3

spirometry. FEV1 and FVC

Question 4

FVC is

Answer 4

final total amount of air expired

Question 5

how are obstructive airway diseases measured

Answer 5

spirometry. FEV1 and FVC. or Peak expiratory Flow PEF

Question 6

normal FVC is

Answer 6

about 5 litres

Question 7

normal FEV1 is about

Answer 7

3.5-4litres

Question 8

normal PEF is

Answer 8

400-600 litres/min. normal range is 80-100% of best value

Question 9

chronic bronchitis is

Answer 9

cough productive of sputum most days in at least 3 consecutive months for 2 or more consecutive years. NOT bronchiectasis or chronic bronchial asthma

Question 10

complicated chronic bronchitis is when

Answer 10

sputum turns mucopurulent or FEV1 falls

Question 11

complicated chronic bronchitis is when

Answer 11

sputum turns mucopurulent (yellow or green) or FEV1 falls

Question 12

morphological changes in chronic bronchitis in large airways

Answer 12

mucus glands hyperplasia, goblet cells hyperplasia, inflammation and fibrosis is a minor component

Question 13

morphological changes in chronic bronchitis in small airways

Answer 13

goblet cells appear, inflammation and fibrosis in long standing disease

Question 14

emphysema is

Answer 14

increase beyond the normal in the size of the airspace distal to the terminal bronchiole arising either from dilation or from destruction of their walls and without obvious fibrosis

Question 15

forms of emphysema

Answer 15

centri-acinar- air concentrated in middle of acinus, found in apical sections of upper and lower lobe
panacinar- found in lower sections of lungs, huge areas of lung wiped out
periacinar- less clinically important, doesn’t have much affect unless bleb pops

Question 16

bleb

Answer 16

spaces just underneath pleura

Question 17

signs of emphysema on sight

Answer 17

hyper inflated lungs because only way of keeping small airways inflated

Question 18

why do u get pulmonary hypertension in hypoxic cor pulmonale

Answer 18

pulmonary vasoconstriction, loss of capillary bed, muscle hypertrophy and intimal fibrosis in pulmonary arterioles, secondary polycythaemia (bone marrow produces more red blood cells so blood becomes more thick)

Question 19

what causes pulmonary arteriolar vasoconstriction

Answer 19

alveolar oxygen tension falls, all vessels constrict if there is hypoxaemia, it is a protective mechanism that does not send blood to alveoli that are short of oxygen so if all alveoli are hypoxic this causes hypertension in pulmonary vascular system which leads to chronic hypoxic cor pulmonale

Question 20

what is chronic hypoxic cor pulmonale

Answer 20

right ventricle of heart needs to work much harder and work against higher resistance which leads to hypertrophy of the right ventricle resulting from disease affecting the function and or the structure of the lung

Question 21

why do u get pulmonary hypertension in hypoxic cor pulmonale

Answer 21

pulmonary vasoconstriction, loss of capillary bed, muscle hypertrophy and intimal fibrosis in pulmonary arterioles, secondary polycythaemia (bone marrow produces more red blood cells so blood becomes more thick)

Question 22

what causes pulmonary arteriolar vasoconstriction

Answer 22

alveolar oxygen tension falls, all vessels constrict if there is hypoxaemia, it is a protective mechanism that does not send blood to alveoli that are short of oxygen so if all alveoli are hypoxic this causes hypertension in pulmonary vascular system which leads to chronic hypoxic cor pulmonale

Question 23

what is chronic hypoxic cor pulmonale

Answer 23

right ventricle of heart needs to work much harder and work against higher resistance which leads to hypertrophy of the right ventricle resulting from disease affecting the function and or the structure of the lung