Objectives For Papacy 1070s Till 1099 Flashcards
Efforts to improve relations with Byzantium: What did Gregory VII offer to Emperor Michael VII in 1074?
Aid to help Byzantium recover from Turkish advances.
Efforts to improve relations with Byzantium: What was one of the earliest gestures of papal support for Eastern Christians?
Gregory VII’s promise of military aid to Byzantium.
Efforts to improve relations with Byzantium: What limited the effectiveness of Gregory VII’s aid to Byzantium?
The aid never arrived due to internal conflicts in the West.
Efforts to improve relations with Byzantium: What diplomatic engagement occurred under Urban II in the 1090s?
Efforts to improve ties with Emperor Alexius I Komnenos.
Efforts to improve relations with Byzantium: What event in March 1095 involved Alexius I seeking military aid?
Alexius sent envoys to the Council of Piacenza.
Efforts to improve relations with Byzantium: How was the First Crusade framed in relation to Byzantium?
As a response to Alexius’s appeal for help and to aid Eastern Christians.
Efforts to improve relations with Byzantium: What requirement did Urban II impose on Crusader leaders?
To swear oaths to return recaptured land to the Byzantine Emperor.
Efforts to improve relations with Byzantium: What was a notable early victory for the Crusaders in 1097?
The capture of Nicaea.
What happened to relations between the Crusaders and Byzantium after 1098?
Relations soured when Bohemond kept Antioch, violating his oath, Alexis’s ceased military support after this. Greek patriarch were replaced by Latin ones after 1099, worsening the schism
The struggle for investiture and papal independence: What was a central conflict during Gregory VII’s pontificate?
The Investiture Conflict with Henry IV.
The struggle for investiture and papal independence: What did the Dictatus Papae claim in 1075?
Only the pope had the authority to appoint or depose bishops.
The struggle for investiture and papal independence: What significant event occurred in 1077 related to Gregory VII and Henry IV?
The dramatic reconciliation at Canossa.
The struggle for investiture and papal independence: What was condemned at the Roman Synod of 1078?
Lay investiture.
The struggle for investiture and papal independence: What policy did Urban II maintain regarding ecclesiastical reform?
He reinforced papal authority by refusing to recognize Henry’s antipope, Clement III.
The struggle for investiture and papal independence: What limitation persisted despite the papacy’s gains in authority?
The practice of lay investiture continued in many parts of Europe.
The struggle for investiture and papal independence: What happened to Gregory VII in 1085?
He died in exile in Salerno, driven from Rome. This demonstrates that papal authority, while growing, was not yet universally accepted or secure.
Asserting Papal Leadership and Authority Over Christendom: What concept did Gregory VII develop regarding Christian violence?
The idea of a papal army serving under spiritual authority.
Asserting Papal Leadership and Authority Over Christendom: How did Urban II advance the idea of papal leadership?
By preaching a Crusade under direct papal control.
Asserting Papal Leadership and Authority Over Christendom: What was the First Crusade’s significance for the papacy?
It was an unprecedented assertion of papal leadership over Western knights and lords.
Asserting Papal Leadership and Authority Over Christendom: What was Urban II’s focus in his messaging at Clermont?
Remission of sins and recapturing Jerusalem.
Asserting Papal Leadership and Authority Over Christendom: How was papal leadership weakened due to lack of control over the crusade by crusaders pursuing their own goals? E
Several leaders, like Baldwin and Tancred, carved out independent principalities, and many knights ignored papal authority once they arrived in the East.
