Western Intervention in the Near East (1177–1204): Significance and Limitations Flashcards
Achieved a Lot of Significance: What was the significance of the Third Crusade?
The Third Crusade (1189–1192) prevented the total collapse of the Crusader States, with Richard I of England and Philip II of France reclaiming Acre and securing coastal lands from Tyre to Jaffa.
Achieved a Lot of Significance: What did the German Crusade achieve?
The German Crusade (1197–1198) recaptured Sidon and Beirut, reestablishing a land connection to Tripoli and temporarily supporting Outremer’s defenses.
Achieved a Lot of Significance: How did European leaders support Outremer?
King Henry II of England and Philip II of France promised financial aid, with Henry II raising 30,000 marks through taxation.
Achieved a Lot of Significance: What role did Sicilian and Pisan naval forces play?
Sicilian and Pisan naval forces (1189–1191) were crucial in the siege of Acre, preventing Saladin from consolidating his control.
Achieved a Lot of Significance: What was the impact of Richard I’s conquest of Cyprus?
Richard I’s conquest of Cyprus (1191) created a new Christian stronghold, serving as a vital strategic base for future crusades.
Achieved a Lot of Significance: What was the effect of papal bulls on Western intervention?
The papal bulls ‘Audita Tremendi’ (1187) and calls for the Third Crusade led to one of the largest Western interventions in Outremer.
Achieved Little Significance: What happened to Philip of Flanders’ planned invasion of Egypt?
Philip of Flanders’ planned invasion of Egypt (1177) collapsed due to internal disputes between Franks, Byzantines, and Western crusaders.
Achieved Little Significance: What was the outcome of the crusading appeals of 1181 and 1184?
The crusading appeals of 1181 and 1184 (Cor Nostrum) failed to bring significant Western support, with only a few knights arriving in Outremer.
Achieved Little Significance: How did rivalries among Western monarchs affect the Third Crusade?
Rivalries hindered cooperation, disrupting the Third Crusade due to conflicts between Richard I and Philip II, leading to Philip’s early departure in 1191.
Achieved Little Significance: What happened during the Fourth Crusade?
The Fourth Crusade (1202–1204) was diverted to Constantinople, weakening both the Byzantine Empire and future Western intervention in the Holy Land.
Achieved Little Significance: What was the consequence of Emperor Henry VI’s death?
The failure of Emperor Henry VI’s planned crusade (1197) after his unexpected death meant that large-scale Western reinforcement never arrived.
Achieved Little Significance: What impact did the death of Emperor Manuel I have on Outremer?
Byzantine aid stopped after the death of Emperor Manuel I (1180), leaving Outremer without a crucial ally.
Achieved Little Significance: How did Western leaders prioritize their interests?
Western leaders often focused on their own interests, with Richard I spending little time in Outremer and prioritizing his return to England.
Achieved Little Significance: What was the effect of the Fourth Crusade’s sack of Constantinople?
The Fourth Crusade’s sack of Constantinople (1204) permanently weakened Eastern Christendom and damaged relations between the Catholic and Orthodox churches.
Achieved Little Significance: How did conflicts among crusader leaders affect Western intervention?
Conflicts between crusader leaders (e.g., Guy of Lusignan vs. Conrad of Montferrat in 1191) delayed decision-making and reduced the effectiveness of Western intervention.
