Crusading From 1096-1129 Flashcards
What was the First Crusade?
A military expedition from 1096 to 1099 aimed at reclaiming Jerusalem and the Holy Land.
What was a significant military victory during the First Crusade?
The capture of Nicaea in 1097 with Byzantine help, which reopened access into Asia Minor.
What happened at the Battle of Dorylaeum in 1097?
Crusaders crushed Turkish forces under Kilij Arslan.
What was the outcome of the Siege of Antioch (1097–1098)?
Despite famine and betrayal, the city was taken and Kerbogha’s relief force was defeated.
When was Jerusalem captured during the First Crusade?
On 15 July 1099.
What occurred at the Battle of Ascalon on 12 August 1099?
The Fatimid army was crushed, securing the victory of the First Crusade.
What was the key spiritual success of the First Crusade?
The liberation of Jerusalem and the Holy Sepulchre.
What promise did Urban II fulfill for survivors of the First Crusade?
The promise of remission of sins.
What were the four Crusader states established after the First Crusade?
County of Edessa (1098), Principality of Antioch (1098), Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099), and County of Tripoli (1109).
What was the territorial and strategic impact of the First Crusade?
Secured permanent Christian footholds in the Holy Land.
What was the Crusade of 1101?
A follow-up reinforcement to the First Crusade that supported Raymond I of Tripoli in capturing Tortosa and Baldwin I at the Second Battle of Ramleh.
What significant event occurred in Tortosa in 1102?
Surviving forces of the Crusade of 1101 supported Raymond I of Tripoli in capturing Tortosa.
What happened at the Second Battle of Ramleh in 1102?
Surviving forces from the Crusade of 1101 supported Baldwin I.
What was the Norwegian Crusade?
A military campaign led by King Sigurd of Norway from 1107 to 1110, marking the first reigning European monarch to go on crusade.
What were some achievements of the Norwegian Crusade?
Captured Sintra, defeated Muslims in Lisbon and Alkasse, and raided parts of the Balearic Islands.
Which Balearic Islands were captured during the Norwegian Crusade?
Formentera, Ibiza, and Minorca were captured in 1109.
What was the impact of the Norwegian Crusade on the Catalan-Pisan Crusade?
The Norwegian Crusade encouraged the Catalan-Pisan Crusade from 1113 to 1115, furthering Christian naval presence.
How did Sigurd contribute to the Levant in 1110?
He assisted Baldwin I in the successful capture of Sidon with Venetian support, adding a vital coastal port to Jerusalem.
What was the Venetian Crusade?
A military campaign from 1120 to 1124 aimed at securing trade and pilgrimage routes.
Who was the Doge that sent ships during the Venetian Crusade?
Doge Domenico Michiel.
How many ships were sent by Doge Domenico Michiel?
120 ships.
What significant naval action occurred in May 1123?
The destruction of a Fatimid fleet, ending serious naval threats to the coast.
What was the outcome of the siege and fall of Tyre in 1124?
It was the final major coastal port taken, securing trade and pilgrimage access.
What role did Pope Calixtus II play in the Venetian Crusade?
He renewed indulgences and motivated support for the crusade.
Who led the siege of Tyre in the king’s absence?
Patriarch Warmund of Jerusalem.
What does the involvement of Patriarch Warmund signify?
It demonstrated ecclesiastical commitment to crusading.
What was the People’s Crusade (1096)?
A poorly organised movement composed of untrained peasants.
What actions did the People’s Crusade engage in?
They engaged in anti-Jewish pogroms in the Rhineland, contrary to papal aims.
What was the outcome of the People’s Crusade?
The entire force was massacred at Civetot by the Seljuks, marking a complete military failure.
What was a major issue among Crusade leaders?
Leaders acted independently and often had conflicting goals.
What event broke trust between Crusade leaders and Alexios I?
The refusal to return Antioch to Byzantium in 1098.
How did power struggles affect the First Crusade?
Power struggles undermined cohesion, exemplified by Bohemond seizing Antioch for himself.
What was a selective completion of objectives during the First Crusade?
Bohemond remained in Antioch and never reached Jerusalem.
What did Baldwin of Boulogne do during the First Crusade?
He diverted to Edessa to form his own lordship.
What was the impact of not all crusaders completing the spiritual goal?
It weakened the sense of unified success among the crusaders.
What was a significant issue regarding territorial control after the First Crusade?
The captured territory was fragmented and lacked clear borders.
How many crusaders remained in Jerusalem after 1099?
Only a small minority remained, approximately 300 knights and 2,000 infantry.
What was necessary for the sustainability of the captured territory?
Constant reinforcements were required, which did not always arrive.
What was the outcome of the Crusade of 1101?
It was a massive strategic failure with multiple armies defeated in Anatolia.
What happened at Mersivan during the Crusade of 1101?
Crusaders were slaughtered by Turkish forces.
What occurred at Ereghli during the Crusade of 1101?
The forces of William of Nevers, Aquitanians, and Bavarians were annihilated.
What was the impact of the Crusade of 1101 on European enthusiasm for crusading?
The disaster dampened European enthusiasm for further crusading.
What was the aim of Bohemond’s Crusade (1107–1108)?
It was misguidedly targeted against the Byzantines, betraying earlier oaths.
What was the outcome of Bohemond’s Crusade?
Bohemond was defeated and forced into the humiliating Treaty of Devol.
What did the Treaty of Devol entail?
It involved surrendering Cilicia and vassalage to Byzantium.
How did Tancred’s actions affect East-West Christian relations?
His refusal to accept the Treaty of Devol worsened relations.
What were the limitations of the Norwegian Crusade?
It attacked Christian targets and ignored key Muslim targets like Majorca.
Where did most victories occur during the Norwegian Crusade?
Most victories occurred outside the Holy Land, with only Sidon linked to Outremer’s defense.
What was the result of the Norwegian Crusade in terms of manpower?
There was no lasting manpower contribution as Norwegians returned home.
What were the limitations of the Venetian Crusade?
It worsened Byzantine relations and focused heavily on coastal campaigns.
What was a significant outcome of the Venetian Crusade?
While Tyre was captured, Venetians demanded heavy concessions.
What was the state of crusading enthusiasm post-1101?
Despite disasters (e.g. Field of Blood 1119, capture of Baldwin II 1123), the West gave little help.
How did Pope Calixtus II’s calls for a new crusade in 1120 fare?
They were largely ignored by the West.
What was the status of military orders like the Templars in 1119?
They were still small and lacked impact.
