Disunity Of The Muslims From 1090s-1119 Flashcards
What was the state of the Seljuk Turks during the First Crusade?
The Seljuk Turks had a fragmented empire with power held by regional rulers, not a central sultan.
Who were Ridwan of Aleppo and Duqaq of Damascus?
They were brothers and rivals, not allies, during the First Crusade.
How did the rivalry between Ridwan and Duqaq affect the First Crusade?
Their refusal to unite in 1098 during the siege of Antioch helped the Franks survive and eventually capture the city.
What was the Fatimid Caliphate?
The Fatimid Caliphate was a Shia state based in Egypt that claimed religious leadership in opposition to the Sunni Abbasid Caliphate.
What significant loss did the Fatimid Caliphate experience prior to the First Crusade?
The Fatimid Caliphate lost control of Jerusalem to the Seljuks in the 1070s.
Why did the Fatimid Caliphate refuse to cooperate with the Seljuks against the Crusaders?
They refused to cooperate because of their recent loss of Jerusalem and the Sunni-Shia divide.
What was the impact of the Sunni-Shia divide on the Muslim response to the Crusade?
The divide meant there was no united Muslim front to repel the Crusade, with the Fatimids even attempting negotiations with crusaders in 1099.
Who were the main parties involved in the civil war after Malik Shah’s death?
Sultan Barkiyaruq and his brother Muhammad I
What event delayed focused campaigns in Syria/Palestine?
The ongoing civil war between Sultan Barkiyaruq and Muhammad I
When did Barkiyaruq die?
1105
Which local Sunni rulers asserted independence during this period?
Ridwan (Aleppo) and Tughtegin (Damascus)
What significant action did Tughtegin take in 1105?
He took Rafaniya from the Franks
What was a major issue for Tughtegin and other leaders?
Lack of coordination with other leaders
What sect were the Fatimids associated with?
Shia
What cities did the Fatimids repeatedly attack?
Jerusalem
In which years did the Fatimids attack Jerusalem?
1101, 1102, 1105
What battles did the Fatimids engage in during their attacks?
Battles of Ramlah
What hindered the Fatimids’ military efforts?
Weak armies and lack of Seljuk support
What was the impact of losing cities like Ascalon and Ramleh?
Reduced regional influence of the Fatimids
What was a consequence of the sectarian divide among Muslims?
No coordination with other Muslims
Who were the two independent rulers of the Seljuks during this period?
Ridwan of Aleppo and Tughtegin of Damascus
What type of violence occurred among Muslims during this time?
Muslim-on-Muslim violence
In 1108, who did Ridwan of Aleppo ally with against Jawuli of Mosul?
Tancred (Frank)
Who was Jawuli and what was his significance?
Jawuli was a representative of the Seljuk Sultan in Baghdad, highlighting rivalries among Sunnis.
What was the status of the Fatimids during this period?
The Fatimids (Shia) continued to decline.
What hindered the Fatimids’ naval power?
Their fleets couldn’t match Frankish naval power, especially after Venetian involvement.
What consequence did the Fatimids face due to their declining naval power?
They lost coastal access, which hurt their ability to project power into the Levant.
What was the role of the Assassins (Nizari Isma’ili Shia sect) between 1110 and 1113?
They targeted strong Sunni leaders, including the murder of the Emir of Homs in 1103, the assassination of the Emir of Apamea in 1106, and the killing of Mawdud of Mosul in 1113.
What temporary alliance occurred in 1113?
Mawdud of Mosul and Tughtegin of Damascus joined forces and defeated Baldwin I at the Battle of al-Sannabra.
What happened after Mawdud’s assassination?
The alliance crumbled, and Damascus returned to peace with Jerusalem.
What was the outcome of the Seljuk Sultan’s campaign in 1115?
The campaign failed when Bursuq of Hamadhan was defeated at Tell Danith by Roger of Salerno and Baldwin II.
What was the stance of local rulers like Tughtegin and Il-Ghazi during the Seljuk Sultan’s campaign?
They preferred Frankish alliances over obedience to the Sultan.
What significant action did Il-Ghazi take in 1118?
He declared independence from the Seljuks in Aleppo and refused to help unite Muslim forces against the Franks.
What was the status of the Fatimids during this period?
They were isolated and declining, focused on Egypt and barely relevant in Syria/Palestine.
What event occurred in 1121 that destabilized Fatimid rule?
The assassination of Vizier al-Afdal.
What happened at the Field of Blood in June 1119?
Il-Ghazi defeated and killed Roger of Salerno near Antioch, marking a rare moment of Sunni strength.
What was the outcome after the Field of Blood?
Il-Ghazi refused to coordinate with Damascus or Mosul to take Antioch, and Baldwin II quickly stabilized Antioch by winning the Battle of Hab.
What happened to Il-Ghazi in 1122?
He died, ending any hope of northern Muslim unity.
