Taking the Cross in the years 1177 to 1204 Flashcards
Spiritual Reward: What was the purpose of Audita Tremendi issued by Pope Gregory VIII in 1187?
It blamed the loss of Jerusalem on the sins of Latin Christendom and promised plenary indulgence for those who took the Cross.
Spiritual Reward: What was framed as penance during the Crusades?
Participation in the Crusades was framed as an opportunity to atone for personal and collective sins.
Spiritual Reward: What incentives did the papacy provide for crusaders?
Papal protection for crusaders’ property and exemption from the Saladin Tithe incentivized participation.
Spiritual Reward: Who led a successful preaching campaign in Wales in 1188?
Archbishop Baldwin of Canterbury.
Spiritual Reward: Which bishops led preaching efforts in Germany in 1188?
Bishop Henry of Strassburg and Bishop Godfrey of Wurzburg.
Spiritual Reward: What was the result of Fulk of Neuilly’s preaching for the Fourth Crusade in 1198?
It was less effective due to accusations of embezzlement.
Spiritual Reward: What events were seen as divine punishment during the Crusades?
The loss of the True Cross and the execution of the Templars and Hospitallers.
Spiritual Reward: What motivated knights and nobles to seek salvation through crusading?
Fear of eternal damnation.
Spiritual Reward: How was participation in the Crusades viewed in relation to the ‘just war’ doctrine?
It was seen as a way to defend Christ’s patrimony.
Feudal and Social Obligations: What dynastic ties did Richard I have to the Kingdom of Jerusalem?
His great-grandfather, Fulk of Anjou, was King of Jerusalem from 1131 to 1143.
Feudal and Social Obligations: Who was Conrad of Montferrat and what was his significance?
He was Philip II’s cousin and the savior of Tyre, closely tied to the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
Feudal and Social Obligations: What social pressure did monarchs exert on their vassals regarding the Crusades?
The participation of monarchs like Richard I, Philip II, and Frederick I compelled nobles to join.
Feudal and Social Obligations: What was the impact of the defeat at Hattin and the fall of Jerusalem on knights?
It was seen as a humiliation to Christendom, motivating knights to seek redemption.
Feudal and Social Obligations: How did participation in the Crusades affect social status?
It enhanced social status and prestige, especially for younger sons without inheritance prospects.
Feudal and Social Obligations: What family connections motivated Baldwin of Flanders and Theobald of Champagne to join the Fourth Crusade?
Their families had historical ties to Jerusalem and crusading.
Economic Motivations: What tax were Crusaders exempt from?
Crusaders were exempt from the Saladin Tithe (1188) and other taxes.
Economic Motivations: What was Philip of Flanders’ goal during the 1177 campaign?
Philip of Flanders attempted to gain Egyptian lands.
Economic Motivations: What significant event occurred in 1197 for German crusaders?
The capture of Sidon and Beirut opened up valuable trade routes.
Economic Motivations: What did Venice provide for the Fourth Crusade?
Venice provided transport and provisions for 33,500 crusaders in exchange for 85,000 marks and a share of the treasure.
Economic Motivations: Why did Venetian leaders divert the crusade to Zara and Constantinople?
They diverted the crusade to settle debts and gain commercial dominance.
Economic Motivations: What was the impact of seizing ports like Acre and Tyre?
It increased access to Eastern markets.
Economic Motivations: What were nobles and merchants hoping to achieve with the Byzantine Empire and Muslim territories?
They hoped to establish new trade connections.
