objective 9 pt 2

Question 1

are present in both male and female, but normally function only in female
main function is milk production to nourish newborn

Answer 1

mammary glands

Question 2

pigmented skin surrounding nipple

Answer 2

areola

Question 3

attach breast to underlying muscle

Answer 3

suspensory ligaments

Question 4

production of female gametes takes years to complete

Answer 4

oogenesis

Question 5

multiplied by mitosis to produce primary oocytes

Answer 5

oogonia

Question 6

begin meiosis but stall in prophase 1

Answer 6

primary oocytes (2n)

Question 7

large cell with almost all of mother cell cytoplasm and organelles

Answer 7

secondary oocyte

Question 8

small cell almost devoid of cytoplasm

Answer 8

first polar body

Question 9

monthly (~28 days) series of events associated with maturation of egg

Answer 9

ovarian cycle

Question 10

occurring mid-cycle between phases

Answer 10

ovulation

Question 11

period of vesicular follicle growth (days 1-14); maturation
several follicles are
stimulated to grow; only 1 releases egg
* Triggered by rising levels of FSH
* FSH levels drop around middle of follicular phase
* Causes only one follicle, dominant follicle, to
be selected to continue
* How dominant follicle is chosen is uncertain

Answer 11

follicular phase

Question 12

period of corpus luteum activity (14-28 days)
begins after ovulation and ends when
you get next period
* During ovulation, the egg bursts from its follicle, but
the ruptured follicle stays on the surface of the
ovary.
* For the next two weeks or so, the follicle transforms
into a structure known as the corpus luteum.
* Corpus luteum starts releasing progesterone and
estrogen to maintain the thickened lining of the
uterus, waiting for a fertilized egg to implant)
* If a fertilized egg implants in the lining of the uterus,
HCG is secreted, the hormone that is detected in a
urine test for pregnancy.
* The corpus luteum keeps producing the raised
levels of progesterone that are needed to maintain
the thickened lining of the uterus, ~3 mths
* If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum
withers and dies into corpus albicans, in 10 days.
* The drop in progesterone levels causes the lining of
the uterus to fall away. This is known as
menstruation. The cycle then repeats.

Answer 12

luteal phase

Question 13

the release of a mature egg from the ovary. this usually occurs mid-cycle, around two weeks or so before menstruation starts
rising levels of LH cause ovary wall to rupture, expelling secondary oocyte into peritoneal cavity

Answer 13

ovulation

Question 14

twinge of pain sometimes felt at ovulation by some women

Answer 14

mittelschmerz

Question 15

what are the hormonal interactions during ovarian cycle

Answer 15

1. GnRH stimulates Gonadotropin FSH and LH
   secretion
2. FSH and LH stimulate follicles to grow, mature,
   and secrete sex hormones
3. Negative feedback inhibits gonadotropin release
4. Positive feedback stimulates gonadotropin release
5. LH surge triggers ovulation and formation of
   the corpus luteum
6. Negative feedback inhibits LH and FSH
   release

Question 16

• FSH stimulates granulosa cells to release
  estrogen, and LH prods thecal cells to produce
  androgens, which granulosa converts to
  estrogens

Answer 16

FSH and LH stimulate follicles to grow, mature,
and secrete sex hormones

Question 17

• Increasing levels of progesterone and estrogen exert
  negative feedback inhibition on FSH and LH release.
• Only dominant follicle survives the dip in FSH

Answer 17

Negative feedback inhibits gonadotropin release

Question 18

• Once dominant follicle becomes a mature vesicular
  follicle, just before ovulation, the follicle produces
  high levels of estrogens.
• When levels reach a critical high value, a brief positive
  feedback occurs on brain and anterior pituitary
• Triggers LH surge on day 13

Answer 18

Positive feedback stimulates gonadotropin release

Question 19

• High estrogen levels trigger release of stored
  LH, and some FSH at midcycle

Answer 19

LH surge triggers ovulation and formation of
the corpus luteum

Question 20

• Negative feedback from rising progesterone
  and estrogen levels inhibits LH and FSH release
• Inhibin from corpus luteum and granulosa
  cells, enhances inhibitory effect
• Declining LH ends luteal activity and inhibits
  follicle development

Answer 20

Negative feedback inhibits LH and FSH
release

Question 21

cyclic series of changes
in endometrium that occur in response to
fluctuating ovarian hormone levels

Answer 21

uterine (menstrual) cycle

Question 22

what are the 3 phases of the uterine cycle>

Answer 22

menstrual phase
proliferative phase
secretory phase

Question 23

• Ovarian hormones are at lowest levels
• Gonadotropin levels are beginning to rise
• Stratum functionalis detaches from uterine
  wall and is shed
• Menstrual flow of blood and tissue lasts 3-5
  days
• By day 4, growing ovarian follicles start to
  produce more estrogen

Answer 23

menstrual phase (0-4 days)

Question 24

• Rising estrogen levels prompt regeneration of new
  stratum functionalis layer by the basal layer.
• Glands enlarge and spiral arteries increase in
  number.
• Estrogen also increases synthesis of progesterone
  receptors in endometrium
• Thins out normally thick, sticky cervical mucus to
  facilitate sperm passage
• Ovulation occurs at end of proliferative phase
  on day 14

Answer 24

proliferative phase (5-14 days)

Question 25

• Phase that is most consistent in duration (14 days)
• Endometrium prepares for embryo to implant
• Rising progesterone levels from corpus luteum
  prompt:
• Functional layer to become a secretory mucosa
• Endometrial glands to enlarge and secrete
  nutrients into uterine cavity to sustain the embryo
  until implantation.
• Thickened mucus to form cervical mucus plug that
  blocks entry of more sperm, pathogens, or debris

Answer 25

secretory phase (15-28 days)

Question 26

• Promote oogenesis and follicle growth in ovary
• Exert anabolic effect on female reproductive tract,
  causing them to become functional.
• Support rapid short-lived growth spurts at puberty

Answer 26

estrogen

Question 27

what are the metabolic effects of estrogen?

Answer 27

• Maintains low total blood cholesterol and high HDL
  levels
• Facilitates calcium uptake

Question 28

works with estrogen to establish and
regulate uterine cycle
* Promotes changes in cervical mucus
* Effects of placental progesterone during
pregnancy
* Inhibits uterine motility
* Helps prepare breasts for lactation

Answer 28

progesterone

Question 29

• Initiated by touch and psychological stimuli
• Clitoris, vaginal mucosa, bulbs of vestibule,
  and breasts engorge with blood; nipples become
  erect
• Vestibular gland secretions lubricate vestibule
• Orgasm is accompanied by muscle tension, increase
  in pulse rate and blood pressure, and rhythmic
  contractions of uterus

Answer 29

female sexual response

Question 30

period when reproductive organs grow to adult size and become functional
FSH and LH are elevated at birth but drop and
remain low during prepubertal years
Occurs in response to maturation of the
hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.
* Secondary sex characteristics appear
* Earliest time that reproduction is possible

Answer 30

puberty

Question 31

• Has occurred when menses have ceased for an
  entire year

Answer 31

menopause