objective 2 pt 2 Flashcards by Kaitlyn Dominie

provides resistance against disease
a functional system rather than an organ system

immune system

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has both first and second lines of defense

innate defense system

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skin and mucus membranes (act as barriers)

first line of defense

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antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, natural killer cells, and inflammation response

second line of defense

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Recognizes a foreign substance and attempts to destroy it (takes longer to react than innate)
 Involves B and T lymphocytes
 Is antigen specific
 Produces a Systemic response
 has a memory

adaptive defense system

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skin and mucous membranes along with their secretions

surface barriers

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most microorganisms

physical barrier

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resistant to weak acids and bases, bacterial enzymes, and toxins

keratin

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provide similar mechanical barriers

mucosae

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uses first and or second lines of defense to stop attacks by pathogens

innate defenses

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necessary if microorganisms invade deeper tissues

cells and chemicals

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what does the second line of defense include?

phagocytes
natural killer cells
inflammatory response
antimicrobial proteins
fever

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white blood cells that ingest and digest foreign invaders

phagocytes

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most abundant phagocytes, die fighting; become phagocytic on exposure to infectious material

neutrophils

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chief phagocytic cells; most robust phagocytic cell

macrophages

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process starts when phagocyte recognizes and adheres to pathogen
some pathogens are not killed with the chemicals/enzymes
respiratory burst is then used to kill pathogens

phagocytosis

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immune system uses antibodies or complement proteins to
which phagocyte receptors can bind
Act as “handles” for phagocytes to grab on to, enhancing phagocytosis
 Phagocyte then engulfs the particle
 Creates chemicals/enzymes to aid in destruction of invader

opsonization

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enhances cell killing

respiratory burst

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also help by piercing membrane of pathogen

defensins

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Non-phagocytic, large granular lymphocytes that police blood and lymph
▪kill cancer and virus-infected cells before adaptive immune
system is activated
▪Attack cells that lack “self” cell-surface receptors
▪ Kill by inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) in Ca cells
and virus infected cells
▪ Secrete potent chemicals that enhance inflammatory
response

natural killer cells

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is triggered whenever body tissues are injured
 Injuries can be due to trauma, heat, irritating chemicals, or infections by microorganisms

inflammation

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what are the benefits of imflammation?

Prevents spread of damaging agents
 Disposes of cell debris and pathogens
 Promotes healing
 Sets the stage for repair

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what are the 4 cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

redness
heat
swelling
pain

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what are the stages of inflammation?

inflammatory chemical release
vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
phagocyte mobilization

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chemical are released by injured tissues, immune cells, or blood proteins activated macrophages and epithelial cells triggered release of cytokines that promote inflammation

inflammatory chemical release

what are other inflammatory mediators besides histamine?

kinins, prostaglandins, and complement proteins

Vasodilation causes hyperemia—congestion with blood—which leads to redness and heat  Increased capillary permeability causes exudate—fluid containing clotting factors and antibodies—to leak into tissue  Results in local swelling (edema)  Swelling also pushes on nerve endings, resulting in pain

vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

what are the benefits of edema?

Surge of fluid in tissue sweeps foreign material into lymphatic vessels for destruction in lymph nodes  Delivers clotting proteins and complement to area  Clotting factors form fibrin mesh that acts as scaffold for repair  Mesh also isolates injured area so invaders cannot spread

injured cells release leukocytosis-inducing factors

leukocytosis

neutrophils cling to capillary walls marked by cell adhesion modules that signal 'this is the place'

margination

neutrophils flatten and squeeze out the capillaries

diapedesis

neutrophils follow chemical trait of chemotactic agents and devour foreign material

chemotaxis

how do antimicrobial proteins enhance innate defenses?

attacking microorganisms directly hindering microorganisms ability to reproduce

what are the most important antimicrobial proteins>

interferons complement proteins

immune modulating proteins; cells infected with viruses can secrete IFNs that “warn” healthy cells; IFNs also activate NK cells and macrophages

interferons

proteins that circulate in blood in inactive form; activation produces a cascade of events that enhance inflammation & directly destroys bacteria; cell lysis begins when these proteins bind to target cell membrane; then water flows in and lysis of microbe occurs; enhances both innate and adaptive defenses

complement proteins

Abnormally high body temperature that is a systemic response to invading microorganisms

fever

what are the benefits of a moderate fever?

Causes liver and spleen to isolate iron and zinc (needed by microorganisms)  Increases metabolic rate, which increases rate of repair

a specific defensive system that eliminates almost any pathogen or abnormal cell in the body

adaptive immune system

what are the activities of adaptive immune system?

amplifies inflammatory response activates complement

must be primed by initial exposure to specific foreign substance

shortcoming

what are the characteristics of adaptive immunity?

It is specific: recognizes and targets specific antigens  Systemic; not restricted to initial site  Has memory: mounts an even stronger attack to “known” antigens

what are the 2 main branches of adaptive system?

humoral cellular

Involves B cells  Antibodies, produced by lymphocytes, circulate freely  Bind temporarily to target cell  Temporarily inactivate  Mark for destruction by phagocytes or complement  Targets antigens from pathogens that are freely circulating, or outside the infected cells (extracellular)

humoral immunity

cellular immunity

act against target cells

directly

by releasing chemicals that enhance inflammatory response; or activating other lymphocytes or macrophages

indirectly

what are the 4 characteristics that set adaptative immunity apart from innate defenses?

1.It involves lymphocytes called B and T Lymphocytes 2. It is Specific 3. It is Systemic 4. It has “memory

what are the 2 types of lymphocytes?

B lymphocytes T lymphocytes

humoral immunity

B lymphocytes

cellular immunity

T lymphocytes

B cell originates and develop in the bone marrow(inactive called Naïve B cells) * Released from bone marrow, naïve B cells circulate in lymph * When B cell encounters target antigen, and antigen binds to receptor (activates it) it provokes humoral immune response (lock & key)  Antibodies specific for that particular antigen are then produced

humoral immune response

secrete antibodies

plasma cells

clone cells that do not become plasma cells become...

memory cells

Provide immunological memory  Mounts an immediate attack against the same antigen in future encounters  Memory cells provide humoral immunological memory

memory cells

what are the 2 types of humoral immunity?

naturally acquired artificially acquired

formed in response to actual bacterial or viral infection antibodies delivered to fetus via placenta or to infant through milk

naturally acquired

formed in response to vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens short term immunization by the injection of antibodies ie: gamma globulin

artificially acquired

occurs when a ready made antibodies are introduced into the bloodstream

passive humoral immunity

proteins secreted by plasma cells made up of gamma globulin portion of blood

antibodies or immunoglobulins

first antibody released during primary immune response  Potent agglutinating agent  Readily fixes and activates complement cascade

IgM

found in mucus and other secretions (saliva, sweat, milk, intestinal juice)  Helps prevent entry of pathogens

IgA

Attached to surface of B cells  Functions as B cell receptor (activates B cells)

IgD

accounts for 75–85% of circulating antibodies  Main antibody of late primary and secondary responses  Crosses placental barrier

IgG

active in some allergies and parasitic infections; found in lung, skin & some mucus membranes  Causes mast cells and basophils to release histamine

IgE

Required for full activation of most B and T cells  Activate macrophages  Release cytokines  Become memory T cells  Without helper T cells there is no adaptative immune response  Activate both humoral and cellular immunity

helper T cells

Directly attack and kill  Activated TC cells target:  Virus-infected cells  Cells with intracellular bacteria or parasites  Cancer cells  Foreign cells (transfusions or transplants)  Conduct immune surveillance with NK cells  Become memory T cells

cytotoxic T cells

Dampen immune response  Important in preventing autoimmune reactions  Suppress B cell immune response to maintain homeostasis

regulatory T cells