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A & P > objective 2 pt 2 > Flashcards

objective 2 pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

provides resistance against disease
a functional system rather than an organ system

A

immune system

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2
Q

has both first and second lines of defense

A

innate defense system

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3
Q

skin and mucus membranes (act as barriers)

A

first line of defense

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4
Q

antimicrobial proteins, phagocytes, natural killer cells, and inflammation response

A

second line of defense

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5
Q

Recognizes a foreign substance and attempts to destroy it (takes longer to react than innate)
 Involves B and T lymphocytes
 Is antigen specific
 Produces a Systemic response
 has a memory

A

adaptive defense system

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6
Q

skin and mucous membranes along with their secretions

A

surface barriers

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7
Q

most microorganisms

A

physical barrier

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8
Q

resistant to weak acids and bases, bacterial enzymes, and toxins

A

keratin

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9
Q

provide similar mechanical barriers

A

mucosae

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10
Q

uses first and or second lines of defense to stop attacks by pathogens

A

innate defenses

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11
Q

necessary if microorganisms invade deeper tissues

A

cells and chemicals

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12
Q

what does the second line of defense include?

A

phagocytes
natural killer cells
inflammatory response
antimicrobial proteins
fever

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13
Q

white blood cells that ingest and digest foreign invaders

A

phagocytes

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14
Q

most abundant phagocytes, die fighting; become phagocytic on exposure to infectious material

A

neutrophils

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15
Q

chief phagocytic cells; most robust phagocytic cell

A

macrophages

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16
Q

process starts when phagocyte recognizes and adheres to pathogen
some pathogens are not killed with the chemicals/enzymes
respiratory burst is then used to kill pathogens

A

phagocytosis

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17
Q

immune system uses antibodies or complement proteins to
which phagocyte receptors can bind
Act as “handles” for phagocytes to grab on to, enhancing phagocytosis
 Phagocyte then engulfs the particle
 Creates chemicals/enzymes to aid in destruction of invader

A

opsonization

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18
Q

enhances cell killing

A

respiratory burst

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19
Q

also help by piercing membrane of pathogen

A

defensins

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20
Q

Non-phagocytic, large granular lymphocytes that police blood and lymph
▪kill cancer and virus-infected cells before adaptive immune
system is activated
▪Attack cells that lack “self” cell-surface receptors
▪ Kill by inducing apoptosis (programmed cell death) in Ca cells
and virus infected cells
▪ Secrete potent chemicals that enhance inflammatory
response

A

natural killer cells

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21
Q

is triggered whenever body tissues are injured
 Injuries can be due to trauma, heat, irritating chemicals, or infections by microorganisms

A

inflammation

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22
Q

what are the benefits of imflammation?

A

Prevents spread of damaging agents
 Disposes of cell debris and pathogens
 Promotes healing
 Sets the stage for repair

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23
Q

what are the 4 cardinal signs of acute inflammation?

A

redness
heat
swelling
pain

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24
Q

what are the stages of inflammation?

A

inflammatory chemical release
vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
phagocyte mobilization

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25
Q

chemical are released by injured tissues, immune cells, or blood proteins
activated macrophages and epithelial cells triggered release of cytokines that promote inflammation

A

inflammatory chemical release

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26
Q

what are other inflammatory mediators besides histamine?

A

kinins, prostaglandins, and complement proteins

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27
Q

Vasodilation causes hyperemia—congestion with blood—which leads to
redness and heat
 Increased capillary permeability causes exudate—fluid containing clotting
factors and antibodies—to leak into tissue
 Results in local swelling (edema)
 Swelling also pushes on nerve endings, resulting in pain

A

vasodilation and increased vascular permeability

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28
Q

what are the benefits of edema?

A

Surge of fluid in tissue sweeps foreign material into lymphatic vessels for
destruction in lymph nodes
 Delivers clotting proteins and complement to area
 Clotting factors form fibrin mesh that acts as scaffold for repair
 Mesh also isolates injured area so invaders cannot spread

29
Q

injured cells release leukocytosis-inducing factors

A

leukocytosis

30
Q

neutrophils cling to capillary walls marked by cell adhesion modules that signal ‘this is the place’

A

margination

31
Q

neutrophils flatten and squeeze out the capillaries

A

diapedesis

32
Q

neutrophils follow chemical trait of chemotactic agents and devour foreign material

A

chemotaxis

33
Q

how do antimicrobial proteins enhance innate defenses?

A

attacking microorganisms directly
hindering microorganisms ability to reproduce

34
Q

what are the most important antimicrobial proteins>

A

interferons
complement proteins

35
Q

immune modulating proteins; cells infected with viruses
can secrete IFNs that “warn” healthy cells; IFNs also activate NK
cells and macrophages

A

interferons

36
Q

proteins that circulate in blood in inactive
form; activation produces a cascade of events that enhance
inflammation & directly destroys bacteria; cell lysis begins when
these proteins bind to target cell membrane; then water flows in and
lysis of microbe occurs; enhances both innate and adaptive defenses

A

complement proteins

37
Q

Abnormally high body temperature that is a systemic response to invading
microorganisms

A

fever

38
Q

what are the benefits of a moderate fever?

A

Causes liver and spleen to isolate iron and zinc (needed by microorganisms)
 Increases metabolic rate, which increases rate of repair

39
Q

a specific defensive system that eliminates almost any pathogen or abnormal cell in the body

A

adaptive immune system

40
Q

what are the activities of adaptive immune system?

A

amplifies inflammatory response
activates complement

41
Q

must be primed by initial exposure to specific foreign substance

A

shortcoming

42
Q

what are the characteristics of adaptive immunity?

A

It is specific: recognizes and targets specific antigens
 Systemic; not restricted to initial site
 Has memory: mounts an even stronger attack to “known” antigens

43
Q

what are the 2 main branches of adaptive system?

A

humoral
cellular

44
Q

Involves B cells
 Antibodies, produced by lymphocytes, circulate freely
 Bind temporarily to target cell
 Temporarily inactivate
 Mark for destruction by phagocytes or complement
 Targets antigens from pathogens that are freely circulating, or outside the
infected cells (extracellular)

A

humoral immunity

45
Q

Involves T cells
 Lymphocytes act against target cell:
 Directly
 Indirectly
 occurs inside infected cells; cellular targets (intracellular)
© 2016 PEARSON EDUCATION, INC.

A

cellular immunity

46
Q

act against target cells

A

directly

47
Q

by releasing chemicals that enhance inflammatory response; or activating other lymphocytes or macrophages

A

indirectly

48
Q

what are the 4 characteristics that set adaptative immunity apart from innate defenses?

A

1.It involves lymphocytes called B and T Lymphocytes
2. It is Specific
3. It is Systemic
4. It has “memory

49
Q

what are the 2 types of lymphocytes?

A

B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes

50
Q

humoral immunity

A

B lymphocytes

51
Q

cellular immunity

A

T lymphocytes

52
Q

B cell originates and develop in the bone marrow(inactive called Naïve B
cells)
* Released from bone marrow, naïve B cells circulate in lymph
* When B cell encounters target antigen, and antigen binds to receptor
(activates it) it provokes humoral immune response (lock & key)
 Antibodies specific for that particular antigen are then produced

A

humoral immune response

53
Q

secrete antibodies

A

plasma cells

54
Q

clone cells that do not become plasma cells become…

A

memory cells

55
Q

Provide immunological memory
 Mounts an immediate attack against the same antigen in future encounters
 Memory cells provide humoral immunological memory

A

memory cells

56
Q

what are the 2 types of humoral immunity?

A

naturally acquired
artificially acquired

57
Q

formed in response to actual bacterial or viral infection
antibodies delivered to fetus via placenta or to infant
through milk

A

naturally acquired

58
Q

formed in response to vaccine of dead or attenuated pathogens
short term immunization by the injection of
antibodies ie: gamma globulin

A

artificially acquired

59
Q

occurs when a ready made antibodies are
introduced into the bloodstream

A

passive humoral immunity

60
Q

proteins secreted by plasma cells
made up of gamma globulin portion of blood

A

antibodies or immunoglobulins

61
Q

first antibody released during primary immune response
 Potent agglutinating agent
 Readily fixes and activates complement cascade

A

IgM

62
Q

found in mucus and other secretions (saliva, sweat, milk, intestinal juice)
 Helps prevent entry of pathogens

A

IgA

63
Q

Attached to surface of B cells
 Functions as B cell receptor (activates B cells)

A

IgD

64
Q

accounts for 75–85% of circulating antibodies
 Main antibody of late primary and secondary responses
 Crosses placental barrier

A

IgG

65
Q

active in some allergies and parasitic infections; found in lung, skin & some mucus membranes
 Causes mast cells and basophils to release histamine

A

IgE

66
Q

Required for full activation of most B and T cells
 Activate macrophages
 Release cytokines
 Become memory T cells
 Without helper T cells there is no adaptative immune response
 Activate both humoral and cellular immunity

A

helper T cells

67
Q

Directly attack and kill
 Activated TC cells target:
 Virus-infected cells
 Cells with intracellular bacteria or parasites
 Cancer cells
 Foreign cells (transfusions or transplants)
 Conduct immune surveillance with NK cells
 Become memory T cells

A

cytotoxic T cells

68
Q

Dampen immune response
 Important in preventing autoimmune reactions
 Suppress B cell immune response to maintain homeostasis

A

regulatory T cells

A & P (21 decks)

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