objective 7 pt 1

Question 1

how do the kidneys maintain the body’s internal environment?

Answer 1

• Regulating total water volume and total solute
  concentration in water
• Regulating ion concentrations in extracellular
  fluid (ECF)
• Ensuring long-term acid-base balance
• Excreting metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs
• Producing erythropoietin (regulates RBC
  Production) and renin (regulates Blood Pressure)
• Converting Vitamin D to its active form
• Carrying out Gluconeogenesis during prolonged
  fasting.

Question 2

what does the urinary system include?

Answer 2

ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

Question 3

transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder

Answer 3

ureter

Question 4

temporary storage reservoir for urine

Answer 4

urinary bladder

Question 5

transports urine out of the body

Answer 5

urethra

Question 6

bean shaped
retroperitoneal, in the superior lumbar region
convex lateral surface
concave medial surface with vertical renal hilum leads to internal space called renal sinus

Answer 6

kidney

Question 7

sits atop each kidney

Answer 7

adrenal gland

Question 8

what are the 3 layers of supportive tissue surrounding the kidneys?

Answer 8

renal fascia
peri-renal fat capsule
fibrous capsule

Question 9

outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue
anchors adrenal gland and kidney to surrounding structures

Answer 9

renal fascia

Question 10

transparent capsule that prevents spread of infection in close regions from spreading to kidney

Answer 10

fibrous capsule

Question 10

fatty cushion around kidney
protects it
holds it in position

Answer 10

peri-renal fat capsule

Question 11

what are the 3 distinct regions of the internal kidney?

Answer 11

renal cortex
renal medulla
renal pelvis

Question 12

superficial region

Answer 12

renal cortex

Question 13

deep, composed of cone-shaped medullary pyramids

Answer 13

renal medulla

Question 14

separated by renal columns

Answer 14

renal pyramids

Question 15

tip of pyramid points internally

Answer 15

papilla

Question 16

each medullary pyramid and its surrounding cortical tissue make up a lobe; about eight lobes per kidney

Answer 16

lobe

Question 17

funnel-shaped tube continuous with ureter

Answer 17

renal pelvis

Question 18

what do the branching extensions of the renal pelvis form?

Answer 18

minor calyces
major calyces

Question 19

cup-shaped areas that collect urine draining from pyramidal palillae

Answer 19

minor calyces

Question 20

areas that collect urine from minor calyces
empty urine into renal pelvis

Answer 20

major calyces

Question 21

what is the flow of urine?

Answer 21

renal pyramid –> minor calyx –> major calyx –> renal pelvis –> ureter –> bladder

Question 22

kidneys cleanse blood and adjust its composition, so it has a rich blood supply

Answer 22

blood

Question 23

deliver about one-fourth of cardiac output to kidneys each min; branches in kidney until it reaches each nephron

Answer 23

renal arteries

Question 24

sympathetic fibers from renal plexus

Answer 24

nerve supply

Question 25

are the structural and functional units that form urine

Answer 25

nephrons

Question 26

what are the 2 main parts of a nephron?

Answer 26

renal corpuscle renal tubule

Question 27

what are the 2 parts of renal corpuscle?

Answer 27

glomerulus glomerular capsule

Question 28

high pressure capillary bed composed of fenestrated endothelium highly porous allows for efficient filtrate formation

Answer 28

glomerulus

Question 29

plasma-derived fluid that renal tubules process to form urine

Answer 29

filtrate

Question 30

cup-shaped, hollow structure surrounding glomerulus

Answer 30

glomerular capsule bowman's capsule

Question 31

what are the 2 parts of glomerular capsule?

Answer 31

parietal layer visceral layer

Question 32

structural, doesnt play a role in forming filtrate

Answer 32

parietal layer

Question 33

clings to glomerular capillaries; consists of branching epithelial cells

Answer 33

visceral layer

Question 34

about 3cm long consists of single layer of epithelial cells, but each region has its own unique histology and function

Answer 34

renal tubule

Question 35

what are the 3 major parts of the renal tubule?

Answer 35

proximal convoluted tubule nephron loop distal convoluted tubule

Question 36

cuboidal cells with dense microvilli that form brush border functions in reabsorption of water and solutes from filtrate and secreting substances into it found only in renal cortex

Answer 36

proximal convoluted tubule

Question 37

U-shaped structure consisting of 2 limbs

Answer 37

nephron loop

Question 38

proximal part of descending limb is continuous with proximal tubule;thin

Answer 38

descending limb

Question 39

thick ascending limb

Answer 39

ascending limb

Question 40

cuboidal cells with very few microvilli function more in secretion than reabsorption found only in cortex

Answer 40

distal convoluted tubule

Question 41

maintain water and Na+ balance help maintain acid-base balance of blood recieve filtrate from many nephrons run through the pyramids ducts fuse together to deliver urine through papillae into minor calyces

Answer 41

collecting ducts

Question 42

what are the 2 main groups of nephrons?

Answer 42

cortical nephrons juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 43

make up 85% of nephrons in kidney almost entirely in cortex except small parts of nephron looks that dip into the outer medulla

Answer 43

cortical nephrons

Question 44

long nephron loops deeply invade medulla ascending limbs have thick and thin segments important role in production of concentrated urine

Answer 44

juxtamedullary nephrons

Question 45

what are cortical nephrons associated with?

Answer 45

glomerulus peritubular capillaries

Question 46

what are juxtamedullary nephrons associated with?

Answer 46

glomerulus vasa recta

Question 47

capillaries are specialized for filtration different from other capillary beds bcuz they are fed and drained by arteriole

Answer 47

glomerulus

Question 48

why is BP high in glomerulus?

Answer 48

* Afferent arterioles are larger in diameter than efferent arterioles * Arterioles are high-resistance vessels

Question 49

low-pressure, porous capillaries adapted for absorption of water and solutes arise from efferent arterioles cling to adjacent renal tubules in cortex empty into venules

Answer 49

peritubular capillaries

Question 50

long, thin-walled vessels in juxtamedullary nephrons arise from efferent arterioles serving juxtamedullary nephrons function in formation of concentrated urine supply oxygen and nutrients to the tissue through which they pass

Answer 50

vasa recta

Question 51

what are the 3 cell populations that are seen in JGC?

Answer 51

macula densa granular cells extraglomerular mesangial cells

Question 52

tall, closely packed cells of ascending limb contain chemoreceptors that NaCl concentration in the filtrate

Answer 52

macula dense

Question 53

enlarged smooth muscle cells act as mechanoreceptors to sense blood pressure in afferent arteriole synthesize, store and secrete renin

Answer 53

granular cells

Question 54

found between the arteriole and tubule cells interconnected with gap junctions may pass signals between macula densa and granular cells play a role in renal autoregulation of blood flow to the kidney and regulation of blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin system

Answer 54

extraglomerular mesangial cells