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A & P > objective 7 pt 1 > Flashcards

objective 7 pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

how do the kidneys maintain the body’s internal environment?

A
  • Regulating total water volume and total solute
    concentration in water
  • Regulating ion concentrations in extracellular
    fluid (ECF)
  • Ensuring long-term acid-base balance
  • Excreting metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs
  • Producing erythropoietin (regulates RBC
    Production) and renin (regulates Blood Pressure)
  • Converting Vitamin D to its active form
  • Carrying out Gluconeogenesis during prolonged
    fasting.
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2
Q

what does the urinary system include?

A

ureters
urinary bladder
urethra

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3
Q

transport urine from kidneys to urinary bladder

A

ureter

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4
Q

temporary storage reservoir for urine

A

urinary bladder

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5
Q

transports urine out of the body

A

urethra

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6
Q

bean shaped
retroperitoneal, in the superior lumbar region
convex lateral surface
concave medial surface with vertical renal hilum leads to internal space called renal sinus

A

kidney

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7
Q

sits atop each kidney

A

adrenal gland

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8
Q

what are the 3 layers of supportive tissue surrounding the kidneys?

A

renal fascia
peri-renal fat capsule
fibrous capsule

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9
Q

outer layer of dense fibrous connective tissue
anchors adrenal gland and kidney to surrounding structures

A

renal fascia

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10
Q

transparent capsule that prevents spread of infection in close regions from spreading to kidney

A

fibrous capsule

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10
Q

fatty cushion around kidney
protects it
holds it in position

A

peri-renal fat capsule

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11
Q

what are the 3 distinct regions of the internal kidney?

A

renal cortex
renal medulla
renal pelvis

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12
Q

superficial region

A

renal cortex

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13
Q

deep, composed of cone-shaped medullary pyramids

A

renal medulla

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14
Q

separated by renal columns

A

renal pyramids

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15
Q

tip of pyramid points internally

A

papilla

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16
Q

each medullary pyramid and its surrounding cortical tissue make up a lobe; about eight lobes per kidney

A

lobe

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17
Q

funnel-shaped tube continuous with ureter

A

renal pelvis

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18
Q

what do the branching extensions of the renal pelvis form?

A

minor calyces
major calyces

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19
Q

cup-shaped areas that collect urine draining from pyramidal palillae

A

minor calyces

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20
Q

areas that collect urine from minor calyces
empty urine into renal pelvis

A

major calyces

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21
Q

what is the flow of urine?

A

renal pyramid –> minor calyx –> major calyx –> renal pelvis –> ureter –> bladder

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22
Q

kidneys cleanse blood and adjust its composition, so it has a rich blood supply

A

blood

23
Q

deliver about one-fourth of cardiac output to kidneys each min; branches in kidney until it reaches each nephron

A

renal arteries

24
Q

sympathetic fibers from renal plexus

A

nerve supply

25
Q

are the structural and functional units that form urine

A

nephrons

26
Q

what are the 2 main parts of a nephron?

A

renal corpuscle
renal tubule

27
Q

what are the 2 parts of renal corpuscle?

A

glomerulus
glomerular capsule

28
Q

high pressure capillary bed
composed of fenestrated endothelium
highly porous
allows for efficient filtrate formation

A

glomerulus

29
Q

plasma-derived fluid that renal tubules process to form urine

A

filtrate

30
Q

cup-shaped, hollow structure surrounding glomerulus

A

glomerular capsule
bowman’s capsule

31
Q

what are the 2 parts of glomerular capsule?

A

parietal layer
visceral layer

32
Q

structural, doesnt play a role in forming filtrate

A

parietal layer

33
Q

clings to glomerular capillaries; consists of branching epithelial cells

A

visceral layer

34
Q

about 3cm long
consists of single layer of epithelial cells, but each region has its own unique histology and function

A

renal tubule

35
Q

what are the 3 major parts of the renal tubule?

A

proximal convoluted tubule
nephron loop
distal convoluted tubule

36
Q

cuboidal cells with dense microvilli that form brush border
functions in reabsorption of water and solutes from filtrate and secreting substances into it
found only in renal cortex

A

proximal convoluted tubule

37
Q

U-shaped structure consisting of 2 limbs

A

nephron loop

38
Q

proximal part of descending limb is continuous with proximal tubule;thin

A

descending limb

39
Q

thick ascending limb

A

ascending limb

40
Q

cuboidal cells with very few microvilli
function more in secretion than reabsorption
found only in cortex

A

distal convoluted tubule

41
Q

maintain water and Na+ balance
help maintain acid-base balance of blood
recieve filtrate from many nephrons
run through the pyramids
ducts fuse together to deliver urine through papillae into minor calyces

A

collecting ducts

42
Q

what are the 2 main groups of nephrons?

A

cortical nephrons
juxtamedullary nephrons

43
Q

make up 85% of nephrons in kidney
almost entirely in cortex except small parts of nephron looks that dip into the outer medulla

A

cortical nephrons

44
Q

long nephron loops deeply invade medulla
ascending limbs have thick and thin segments
important role in production of concentrated urine

A

juxtamedullary nephrons

45
Q

what are cortical nephrons associated with?

A

glomerulus
peritubular capillaries

46
Q

what are juxtamedullary nephrons associated with?

A

glomerulus
vasa recta

47
Q

capillaries are specialized for filtration
different from other capillary beds bcuz they are fed and drained by arteriole

A

glomerulus

48
Q

why is BP high in glomerulus?

A
  • Afferent arterioles are larger in diameter than efferent
    arterioles
  • Arterioles are high-resistance vessels
49
Q

low-pressure, porous capillaries adapted for absorption of water and solutes
arise from efferent arterioles
cling to adjacent renal tubules in cortex
empty into venules

A

peritubular capillaries

50
Q

long, thin-walled vessels in juxtamedullary nephrons
arise from efferent arterioles serving juxtamedullary nephrons
function in formation of concentrated urine
supply oxygen and nutrients to the tissue through which they pass

A

vasa recta

51
Q

what are the 3 cell populations that are seen in JGC?

A

macula densa
granular cells
extraglomerular mesangial cells

52
Q

tall, closely packed cells of ascending limb
contain chemoreceptors that NaCl concentration in the filtrate

A

macula dense

53
Q

enlarged smooth muscle cells
act as mechanoreceptors to sense blood pressure in afferent arteriole
synthesize, store and secrete renin

A

granular cells

54
Q

found between the arteriole and tubule cells
interconnected with gap junctions
may pass signals between macula densa and granular cells
play a role in renal autoregulation of blood flow to the kidney and regulation of blood pressure through the renin-angiotensin system

A

extraglomerular mesangial cells

A & P (21 decks)

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