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A & P > objective 10 pt 1 > Flashcards

objective 10 pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

begins with fertilization
ends with birth
38 weeks after conception

A

prenatal development

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2
Q

what are the divisions of prenatal development?

A

preembryonic
embryonic
fetal periods

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3
Q

the state of carrying a developing conceptus

A

pregnancy

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4
Q

developing offspring

A

conceptus

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5
Q

from fertilization through week 8

A

embryo

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6
Q

from week 9 through birth

A

fetus

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7
Q

union pf sperm and egg to create a fertilized egg or zygote
sperm reach secondary oocyte

A

fertilization

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8
Q

what happens to the sperm that does not make the 12cm trip to join with egg?

A
  • Some leak out of vagina immediately after
    intercourse
  • Some are destroyed by acidic vaginal environment
  • Some fail to make it through cervix
  • Some are dispersed in uterine cavity or destroyed
    by phagocytes
  • Only a few thousand out of millions of sperm reach
    uterine tubes
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9
Q

lasts about 2 weeks following fertilization

A

pre-embryonic period

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10
Q

early cell divisions

A

cleavage

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11
Q

first cleavage division completed within 36 hrs result in 2 cells

A

blastomeres

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12
Q

by end of 3rd day, 16 cells in a ball

A

morula

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13
Q

By 5th day, hollow sphere of about 100 cells,
consisting of flattened cells called trophoblast cells and a small
cluster of 20-30 rounded cells called embryoblast inside

A

blastocyst

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14
Q
  • By the 21th day of the cycle (7th day after
    ovulation) endometrium is ready to receive the
    blastocyst
  • Blastocyst attaches to it & “burrows” into
    endometrium
  • Endometrial cells grow over the blastocyst until it
    is completely implanted (by 12th day after
    ovulation)
  • Blastocyst secretes human chorionic gonadotropin
    (hCG)
  • hCG travels by blood to the ovary - causes corpus
    luteum to continue to secrete progesterone to
    maintain the endometrium
  • Secretion of hCG declines as placenta develops &
    secretes its own progesterone to maintain the
    pregnancy (~3 mths)
A

implantation

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15
Q

what are the 3 primary germ layers that are developing while the blastocyst is implanting?

A

ectoderm
mesoderm
endoderm

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16
Q
  • Beginning of 3rd week to end of 8th week (embryo)
  • Lasts 6 wks
  • Placenta & extraembryonic membranes formed
  • The skin forms during 3rd week
  • End of 4th week, heart is pumping blood
    The most critical time of development
    Tissues differentiate & all the organ systems are
    formed by the end of this period (end of 8th week)
    1 inch (2.5 cm) long, weighs 1 gram
    Appears human
A

embryonic period

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17
Q

what are the 3 extraembryonic membranes formed during 1st 2-3 weeks?

A

amnion, yolk sac, allantois, and chorion

18
Q

filled with amniotic fluid
* Completely surrounds the embryo
* Cushions & protects
* Allows symmetrical development, movement;
prevents parts from fusing together
* Initially, amniotic fluid comes from maternal blood;
later, fetal urine contributes to the volume
* Ruptures naturally or surgically (break)

A

amniotic sac

19
Q

sac that hangs from ventral surface of embryo
forms part of digestive tube
source of earilest blood cells and blood vessels

A

yolk sac

20
Q

small outpouching at caudal end of yolk sac
structural basis for umbilical cord
becomes part of the urinary bladder

A

allantois

21
Q

develops villi that penetrate the endometrium
helps form placenta
eventually fuses with amnion
encloses embryonic body and all other membranes

A

chorion

22
Q
  • Develops from endometrium & the chorion
  • Fully functioning by end of embryonic period
  • Has nutritive, respiratory, & excretory role for embryo/fetus
  • Functions as temporary endocrine gland - secretes hCG,
    estrogen, progesterone
A

placentation

23
Q
  • The chorionic villi become very vascular & extend to the
    umbilical vessels
  • Umbilical cord connects to fetus (2 arteries, 1 vein)
  • Expelled as afterbirth
  • The membranes of the fetal capillaries & chorionic villi
    normally prevent actual mixing of maternal/fetal blood
  • These membranes serve as a barrier that protect
    the baby from harmful substances that may enter
    mother’s blood
  • However, alcohol, drugs, & some infectious agents
    can cross this barrier & cause injury
  • If placental hormones are inadequate, the
    pregnancy is aborted
A

placenta

24
Q

what does the maternal portion of the placenta include?

A

decidua basalis
decidua capsularis

25
Q

stratum functionalis of endometrium
villi here increase in number as fetus grows

A

decidua basalis

26
Q

portion of placenta that expands to accommodate fetus
villi here degenerate as fetus grows

A

decidua capsularis

27
Q
  • Formation of body organs and systems
  • At week 8, all organ systems are recognizable
A

organogenesis

28
Q

what is the specialization of the endoderm?

A
  • Forms epithelial lining of GI tract
  • Organs become apparent (pharynx, esophagus, etc.)
  • oral/anal openings perforate
  • Mucosal lining of respiratory tract forms
  • Glands arise along the respiratory tract
  • Become epithelia linings in the urinary system and
    glands
29
Q

what is the specialization of ectoderm?

A
  • gives rise to brain and spinal cord (neurulation)
  • By day 22, the neural tube develops
  • Anterior end forms brain, rest forms spinal cord
  • Cranial, spinal and sympathetic ganglia and nerves form
  • Adrenal medulla cells form
  • Pigment cells of skin
  • Contributes to formation of connective tissue
30
Q

what is the specialization of mesoderm?

A
  • Development of vertebral column, vertebrae, ribs
  • Formation of dermis & tissues of limbs
  • Formation of skeletal muscles of neck, trunk, and limbs
  • Forms gonads and kidneys
  • Forms heart and blood vessels, most connective tissue
    and entire wall of digestive and respiratory organs
31
Q
  • Embryo has system of paired vessels
  • 2 vessels forming heart have fused and bend into “S”
    shape
  • Heart beats at 22 days (3.5 weeks)
A

end of week 3

32
Q

bypasses liver; carries blood from the umbilical vein to the inferior vena cava

A

ductus venosus

33
Q

opening in interatrial septum bypasses pulmonary circulation

A

foramen ovale

34
Q

bypasses pulmonary circulation, carries blood from the pulmonary trunk to the aorta

A

ductus arteriosus

35
Q

when can sex be determined?

A

end of 16 weeks

35
Q

when can mom feel baby?

A

20th week

36
Q

skin covered with cheese like material

A

vernix caseosa

37
Q

fine hair

A

lanugo

38
Q

how long is full-term pregnancy?

A

40 weeks

39
Q

what is premature?

A

less than 37 weeks

40
Q

what is postmature?

A

41-42 weeks

A & P (21 decks)

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