objective 6 pt 1

Question 1

what are the main functions of the digestive system?

Answer 1

• Take in food
• Break it down into nutrient molecules
• Absorb molecules into the bloodstream
• Rid body of any indigestible remains

Question 2

continuous muscular tube that runs from the mouth to the anus
absorbs fragments through lining into blood

Answer 2

Alimentary Canal

Question 3

breaks down into smaller fragments

Answer 3

digests food

Question 4

what are the organs of the alimentary canal?

Answer 4

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

Question 5

what are the accessory digestive organs?

Answer 5

teeth, tongue, gallbladder, digestive glands (salivary glands, liver, pancreas)

Question 6

produce secretions that help break down foodstuffs

Answer 6

digestive glands

Question 7

what are the 6 essential activities that the processing of food involves?

Answer 7

ingestion
propulsion
mechanical breakdown
digestion
absorption
defacation

Question 8

eating

Answer 8

ingestion

Question 9

movements of food through the tract

Answer 9

propulsion

Question 10

major means of propulsion of food that involves alternating waves of contraction and relaxation

Answer 10

peristalsis

Question 11

processes that physically mix and break foods down into smaller fragments

Answer 11

mechanical breakdown

Question 12

local constriction of intestine that mixes food with digestive juices; makes absorption more efficient by repeatedly moving different parts of food mass over the intestinal wall

Answer 12

segmentation

Question 13

catabolic process that involves enzymes that break down food molecules into their chemical building blocks

Answer 13

digestion

Question 14

passage of digested end products from intestinal mucosa into blood or lymph

Answer 14

absorption

Question 15

elimination of undigested substances via anus in form if feces

Answer 15

defecation

Question 16

serous membranes of abdominal cavity that consists of…

Answer 16

peritoneum

Question 17

what are the 2 parts of peritoneum?

Answer 17

visceral peritoneum
parietal peritoneum

Question 18

membrane on external surface of most digestive organs

Answer 18

visceral peritoneum

Question 19

membrane that lines body wall

Answer 19

parietal peritoneum

Question 20

fluid-filled space between two peritoneum’s
serous fluid lubricates and allows mobile digestive organs to glide easily across one another and along body wall to carry out their activities

Answer 20

peritoneal cavity

Question 21

double layer of peritoneum; layers are fused back to back
extends from body wall to digestive organs
provides routes for BV, lymphatics, and nerves
holds organs in place and also stores fat

Answer 21

mesentery

Question 22

what are the 4 basic layers of all digestive organs?

Answer 22

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa

Question 23

innermost tunic layer that lines lumen

Answer 23

mucosa

Question 24

what are the functions of the mucosa?

Answer 24

vary depending on region of the GI system
* Secretes mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones
* Absorbs end products of digestion
* Protects against infectious disease

Question 25

contains blood and lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles, and nerve fibers that supply surrounding GI tract tissues has abundant amount of elastic tissues that help organs to regain shape after storing large meal

Answer 25

submucosa

Question 26

muscle layer responsible for segmentation and peristalsis contains inner circular muscle layer and outer longitudinal layers

Answer 26

muscularis externa

Question 27

thickens in some areas to form sphincters that act as valves to control food passage from one organ to the next and prevent backflow

Answer 27

circular layer

Question 28

outermost layer which is made up of the visceral peritoneum

Answer 28

serosa

Question 29

where food is chewed and mixed with enzyme-containing saliva that begins process of digestion, and swallowing process is initiated

Answer 29

mouth

Question 30

what are the organs associated with the mouth?

Answer 30

tongue salivary glands teeth

Question 31

bounded by lips, cheeks, palate, and tongue lined with stratified squamous epithelium

Answer 31

oral cavity

Question 32

anterior opening

Answer 32

oral orifice

Question 33

made of orbicularis oris muscle

Answer 33

lips (labia)

Question 34

made of buccinators muscle

Answer 34

cheeks

Question 35

area within teeth and gums

Answer 35

oral cavity proper

Question 36

area between lips/cheek and gum/teeth

Answer 36

oral vestibule

Question 37

forms the roof of the mouth and has two distinct parts

Answer 37

palate

Question 38

formed by palatine bones and palatine

Answer 38

hard palate

Question 39

slightly corrugated to help create friction against tongue

Answer 39

mucosa

Question 40

fold formed mostly of skeletal muscle closes off nasopharynx during swallowing palatine tonsils located here

Answer 40

soft palate

Question 41

fingerlike projection that faces downward from free edge of soft palate

Answer 41

uvula

Question 42

occupies floor of mouth composed of interlacing bundles of skeletal muscle contains taste buds

Answer 42

tongue

Question 43

what are the functions of the tongue?

Answer 43

gripping, repositioning, and mixing of food during chewing formation of bolus, mixture of food and salvia initiation of swallowing, speech, and taste

Question 44

attachment to flood of mouth; limits posterior movement of tongue

Answer 44

lingual frenulum

Question 45

what are the functions of salvia?

Answer 45

cleanses mouth dissolves food chemicals for taste moistens food; compacts into bolus begins breakdown of starch with enzyme amylase

Question 46

what are the major salivary glands?

Answer 46

parotid submandibular sublingual

Question 47

anterior to ear opens next to second upper molar

Answer 47

parotid

Question 48

medial to body of mandible ducts opens at base of lingual frenulum

Answer 48

submandibular

Question 49

anterior to submandibular gland under tongue opens via 10-12 ducts into floor of mouth

Answer 49

sublingual

Question 50

composed of two types of secretory cells

Answer 50

salivary glands

Question 51

produce watery secretion, enzymes, ions, bit of mucin

Answer 51

serous cells

Question 52

produce mucus

Answer 52

mucous cells

Question 53

97-99.5% water ph 6.75-7.0

Answer 53

salvia

Question 54

what do solutes include?

Answer 54

* Electrolytes * Enzymes (lipase, amylase) * Proteins (mucin, lysozyme, IgA) * Metabolic wastes (urea, uric acid)

Question 55

when are major salivary glands activated by parasympathetic nervous system?

Answer 55

* Ingested food stimulates chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors in mouth and send signals to the salivatory nuclei in the brain. Increase serous saliva. * Strong sympathetic stimulation inhibits salivation and results in dry mouth (xerostomia)

Question 56

lie in sockets in gum-covered margins of mandible and maxilla

Answer 56

teeth

Question 57

process of chewing that tears and grinds food into smaller fragments

Answer 57

mastication

Question 58

consists of 20 deciduous teeth or baby teeth, that erupt between 6 to 24 months of age

Answer 58

primary dentition

Question 59

32 deep-lying ______ enlarge and develop while roots of milk teeth are reabsorbed from below, causing them to loosen and fall out

Answer 59

permanent teeth

Question 60

chisel shaped for cutting

Answer 60

incisors

Question 61

fanglike teeth that tear or pierce

Answer 61

canines

Question 62

broad crowns with rounded cusps used to grind or crush

Answer 62

premolars

Question 63

broad crowns, rounded cusps; best grinders

Answer 63

molars

Question 64

what are the major regions of teeth?

Answer 64

crown root cement periodontal ligament gingival sulcus dentin

Question 65

exposed part of above gingiva covered by enamel, the hardest substance in body heavily mineralized with calcium salts and hydroxyapatite crystals ' enamel-producing cells degenerate when tooth erupts, so no healing if tooth decays or cracks

Answer 65

crown

Question 66

portion embedded in jawbone connected to crown by neck

Answer 66

root

Question 67

calcified connective tissue covers root; attaches it to periodontal ligament

Answer 67

cement

Question 68

forms fibrous joint called gomphosis anchors tooth in bony socket

Answer 68

periodontal ligament

Question 69

groove where gingiva borders tooth

Answer 69

gingival sulcus

Question 70

bonelike material under enamel maintained by odontoblasts of pulp cavity

Answer 70

dentin