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A & P > objective 6 pt 1 > Flashcards

objective 6 pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main functions of the digestive system?

A
  • Take in food
  • Break it down into nutrient molecules
  • Absorb molecules into the bloodstream
  • Rid body of any indigestible remains
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2
Q

continuous muscular tube that runs from the mouth to the anus
absorbs fragments through lining into blood

A

Alimentary Canal

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3
Q

breaks down into smaller fragments

A

digests food

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4
Q

what are the organs of the alimentary canal?

A

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus

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5
Q

what are the accessory digestive organs?

A

teeth, tongue, gallbladder, digestive glands (salivary glands, liver, pancreas)

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6
Q

produce secretions that help break down foodstuffs

A

digestive glands

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7
Q

what are the 6 essential activities that the processing of food involves?

A

ingestion
propulsion
mechanical breakdown
digestion
absorption
defacation

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8
Q

eating

A

ingestion

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9
Q

movements of food through the tract

A

propulsion

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10
Q

major means of propulsion of food that involves alternating waves of contraction and relaxation

A

peristalsis

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11
Q

processes that physically mix and break foods down into smaller fragments

A

mechanical breakdown

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12
Q

local constriction of intestine that mixes food with digestive juices; makes absorption more efficient by repeatedly moving different parts of food mass over the intestinal wall

A

segmentation

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13
Q

catabolic process that involves enzymes that break down food molecules into their chemical building blocks

A

digestion

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14
Q

passage of digested end products from intestinal mucosa into blood or lymph

A

absorption

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15
Q

elimination of undigested substances via anus in form if feces

A

defecation

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16
Q

serous membranes of abdominal cavity that consists of…

A

peritoneum

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17
Q

what are the 2 parts of peritoneum?

A

visceral peritoneum
parietal peritoneum

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18
Q

membrane on external surface of most digestive organs

A

visceral peritoneum

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19
Q

membrane that lines body wall

A

parietal peritoneum

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20
Q

fluid-filled space between two peritoneum’s
serous fluid lubricates and allows mobile digestive organs to glide easily across one another and along body wall to carry out their activities

A

peritoneal cavity

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21
Q

double layer of peritoneum; layers are fused back to back
extends from body wall to digestive organs
provides routes for BV, lymphatics, and nerves
holds organs in place and also stores fat

A

mesentery

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22
Q

what are the 4 basic layers of all digestive organs?

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis externa
serosa

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23
Q

innermost tunic layer that lines lumen

A

mucosa

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24
Q

what are the functions of the mucosa?

A

vary depending on region of the GI system
* Secretes mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones
* Absorbs end products of digestion
* Protects against infectious disease

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25
Q

contains blood and lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles, and nerve fibers that supply surrounding GI tract tissues
has abundant amount of elastic tissues that help organs to regain shape after storing large meal

A

submucosa

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26
Q

muscle layer responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
contains inner circular muscle layer and outer longitudinal layers

A

muscularis externa

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27
Q

thickens in some areas to form sphincters that act as valves to control food passage from one organ to the next and prevent backflow

A

circular layer

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28
Q

outermost layer which is made up of the visceral peritoneum

A

serosa

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29
Q

where food is chewed and mixed with enzyme-containing saliva that begins process of digestion, and swallowing process is initiated

A

mouth

30
Q

what are the organs associated with the mouth?

A

tongue
salivary glands
teeth

31
Q

bounded by lips, cheeks, palate, and tongue
lined with stratified squamous epithelium

A

oral cavity

32
Q

anterior opening

A

oral orifice

33
Q

made of orbicularis oris muscle

A

lips (labia)

34
Q

made of buccinators muscle

A

cheeks

35
Q

area within teeth and gums

A

oral cavity proper

36
Q

area between lips/cheek and gum/teeth

A

oral vestibule

37
Q

forms the roof of the mouth and has two distinct parts

A

palate

38
Q

formed by palatine bones and palatine

A

hard palate

39
Q

slightly corrugated to help create friction against tongue

A

mucosa

40
Q

fold formed mostly of skeletal muscle
closes off nasopharynx during swallowing
palatine tonsils located here

A

soft palate

41
Q

fingerlike projection that faces downward from free edge of soft palate

A

uvula

42
Q

occupies floor of mouth
composed of interlacing bundles of skeletal muscle
contains taste buds

A

tongue

43
Q

what are the functions of the tongue?

A

gripping, repositioning, and mixing of food during chewing
formation of bolus, mixture of food and salvia
initiation of swallowing, speech, and taste

44
Q

attachment to flood of mouth; limits posterior movement of tongue

A

lingual frenulum

45
Q

what are the functions of salvia?

A

cleanses mouth
dissolves food chemicals for taste
moistens food; compacts into bolus
begins breakdown of starch with enzyme amylase

46
Q

what are the major salivary glands?

A

parotid
submandibular
sublingual

47
Q

anterior to ear
opens next to second upper molar

A

parotid

48
Q

medial to body of mandible
ducts opens at base of lingual frenulum

A

submandibular

49
Q

anterior to submandibular gland under tongue
opens via 10-12 ducts into floor of mouth

A

sublingual

50
Q

composed of two types of secretory cells

A

salivary glands

51
Q

produce watery secretion, enzymes, ions, bit of mucin

A

serous cells

52
Q

produce mucus

A

mucous cells

53
Q

97-99.5% water
ph 6.75-7.0

A

salvia

54
Q

what do solutes include?

A
  • Electrolytes
  • Enzymes (lipase, amylase)
  • Proteins (mucin, lysozyme, IgA)
  • Metabolic wastes (urea, uric acid)
55
Q

when are major salivary glands activated by parasympathetic nervous system?

A
  • Ingested food stimulates chemoreceptors and
    mechanoreceptors in mouth and send signals to the
    salivatory nuclei in the brain. Increase serous saliva.
  • Strong sympathetic stimulation inhibits salivation
    and results in dry mouth (xerostomia)
56
Q

lie in sockets in gum-covered margins of mandible and maxilla

A

teeth

57
Q

process of chewing that tears and grinds food into smaller fragments

A

mastication

58
Q

consists of 20 deciduous teeth or baby teeth, that erupt between 6 to 24 months of age

A

primary dentition

59
Q

32 deep-lying ______ enlarge and develop while roots of milk teeth are reabsorbed from below, causing them to loosen and fall out

A

permanent teeth

60
Q

chisel shaped for cutting

A

incisors

61
Q

fanglike teeth that tear or pierce

A

canines

62
Q

broad crowns with rounded cusps used to grind or crush

A

premolars

63
Q

broad crowns, rounded cusps; best grinders

A

molars

64
Q

what are the major regions of teeth?

A

crown
root
cement
periodontal ligament
gingival sulcus
dentin

65
Q

exposed part of above gingiva
covered by enamel, the hardest substance in body
heavily mineralized with calcium salts and hydroxyapatite crystals ‘
enamel-producing cells degenerate when tooth erupts, so no healing if tooth decays or cracks

A

crown

66
Q

portion embedded in jawbone
connected to crown by neck

A

root

67
Q

calcified connective tissue
covers root; attaches it to periodontal ligament

A

cement

68
Q

forms fibrous joint called gomphosis
anchors tooth in bony socket

A

periodontal ligament

69
Q

groove where gingiva borders tooth

A

gingival sulcus

70
Q

bonelike material under enamel
maintained by odontoblasts of pulp cavity

A

dentin

A & P (21 decks)

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