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A & P > objective 6 pt 2 > Flashcards

objective 6 pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

food passes from mouth into oropharynx and then into laryngopharynx
allows passage of food, fluids, and air
stratified squamous epithelium lining contains mucus-producing glands

A

pharynx

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2
Q

what do external muscle layers consists of two skeletal muscle layers?

A

inner layer runs longitudinally
outer encircles wall of pharynx

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3
Q

flat muscular tube that runs from laryngopharynx to stomach
pierces diaphragm at esophageal hiatus to enter abdomen
joins stomach at cardinal orifice which is surrounded by the cardiac sphincter

A

esophahgus

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4
Q

keeps orifice closed when food is not being swallowed
mucus cells on both sides of sphincter help protect esophagus from acid reflux

A

cardiac sphincter

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5
Q

what are the two phases of deglutition?

A

buccal phase
pharyngeal-esophageal phase

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6
Q

voluntary contraction of tongue compacts food and makes a bolus that initiates swallowing

A

buccal phase

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7
Q

involuntary phase that primarily involves vagus nerve
controlled by swallowing center in medulla and pons

A

pharyngeal-esophageal phase

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8
Q

a temporary storage tank and performs physical and chemical breakdown of food into a slurry called chyme
located in upper left quadrant, nearly hidden by liver and diaphragm

A

stomach

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9
Q

what are the major regions of the stomach?

A

cardiac sphincter
fundus
body
pyloric part
greater curvature
lesser curvature

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10
Q

at end of esophagus before stomach; prevents acid reflux

A

cardiac sphincter

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11
Q

dome-shaped region beneath diaphragm

A

fundus

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12
Q

mid-portion; continuous with pyloric part

A

body

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13
Q

pylorus is continuous with duodenum through pyloric valve

A

pyloric part

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14
Q

convex lateral surface of stomach

A

greater curvature

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15
Q

concave medial surface of stomach

A

lesser curvature

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16
Q

extend from curvatures and ether stomach to other digestive organs

A

mesenteries

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17
Q

runs from lesser curvature to liver

A

lesser omentum

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18
Q

drapes from bottom of greater curvature over intestine, spleen, and transverse colon

A

greater omentum

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19
Q

fibers from thoracic region are relayed through the celiac plexus

A

sympathetic

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20
Q

fibers are supplied by vagus nerve

A

parasympathetic

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21
Q

has circular and longitudinal smoother muscle layers but also has extra layer of smooth muscle

A

muscularis externa

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22
Q

allows stomach to pummel food, which increases physical breakdown

A

inner oblique layer

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23
Q

consists mostly of mucuous cells
dotted with gastric pits, which lead into gastric glands that produce gastric juices

A

mucosa layer

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24
Q

folds in mucosa

A

ruage

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25
Q

what are the types of secreting cells in gastric glands?

A

mucous neck cells
parietal cells
chief cells
enteroendocrine cells

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26
Q

secrete thin, acidic mucus of unknown function

A

mucous neck cells

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27
Q

makes stomach contents acidic; breaks down protein, activates pepsin, breaks down plant cell walls, and kills many bacteria

A

hydrochloric acid

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28
Q

required for absorption of vitamin B12 in small intestine

A

intrinsic factor

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29
Q

what are the secretions of chief cells?

A

pepsinogen
lipases

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30
Q

activated by HCL to convert to pepsin

A

pepsinogen

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31
Q

fat digesting enzyme
digests ~15% of lipids

A

lipases

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32
Q

secrete variety of hormones including gastrin; chemical messenger

A

enteroendocrine cells

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33
Q

what are the processes carried out by stomach?

A
  1. Carries out breakdown of food
  2. Serves as holding area for food
  3. Delivers chyme to small intestine
  4. Denatures proteins by HCl
  5. Pepsin carries out breakdown of proteins
  6. Lipid-soluble alcohol and aspirin are absorbed into
    blood
  7. The only stomach function essential to life is secretion
    of intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption
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34
Q

what is the gastric mucosa regulated by neural mechanisms?

A

vagus nerve stimulation increases secretion
sympathetic stimulation decreased secretion

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35
Q

what is the gastric mucosa regulated by hormonal mechanisms?

A
  • Gastrin stimulates secretion of enzymes and HCl
    secretion
  • Gastrin antagonists are secreted by small intestine
36
Q

what are the 3 phases of gastric secretions?

A

cephalic phase
gastric phase
intestinal phase

37
Q

conditioned reflex triggered by aroma, taste, sight, thought. occurs before food enters stomach (minutes)

A

cephalic phase

38
Q

lasts 3-4 hours and provides two-thirds of gastric juice released

A

gastric phase

39
Q

stomach distension activates stretch, receptors, initiating both long and short reflexes
chemical stimuli, such as partially digested proteins, caffeine, and low acidity, activate secretion of gastrin
Release of gastrin initiates HCl release from parietal
cells and activates enzyme secretion
A Buffering action occurs as proteins (which tie up H+)
causes pH to rise, which activates more gastrin
secretion

A

stimulation of gastric phase

40
Q

Low pH (below 2) inhibits gastrin secretion
Occurs between meals
Occurs during digestion as negative feedback
mechanism
The more protein, the more HCl acid is secreted,
causing decline in pH, which inhibits gastrin
secretion
Activation of fight or flight response

A

inhibition of gastric phase

41
Q

begins with a brief stimulatory component but is primarily inhibition

A

intestinal phase

42
Q

Partially digested food enters small intestine,
causing a brief release of intestinal (enteric)
gastrin
Encourages gastric glands of stomach to
continue secretory activities
Stimulatory effect is brief and overridden by
inhibitory stimuli as intestine fills

A

stimulation of intestinal phase

43
Q

what are the 4 main factors in duodenum cause inhibition of gastric secretions?

A
  1. Distension of duodenum due to entry of chyme
  2. Presence of acidic chyme
  3. Presence of fatty chyme
  4. Presence of hypertonic chyme
44
Q

what are the 2 ways inhibition is achieved?

A

enterogastric reflex
enterogastrones

45
Q

how does the duodenum inhibits acid secretion in stomach?

A

enteric nervous system
sympathetic nervous system and vagus nerve

46
Q

how does the duodenal cells release important hormones that inhibit gastric secretion?

A

secretin
cholecystokinin
gastric inhibitory peptide

47
Q

of smooth muscle in the fundus and body in anticipation of and food moving through esophagus. coordinated by vagus nerve

A

receptive relaxation

48
Q

stomach can stretch without increasing tension or contracting expulsivity

A

gastric accomodation

49
Q

peristalsis begins near gastroesophageal sphincter to pylorus
pyloric part acts as filter that allows only liquids and small particles pass through pyloric valve. approx 3ml released at a time

A

gastric contractile activity

50
Q
  • Duodenum can prevent overfilling by controlling how
    much chyme enters
  • Duodenal receptors respond to stretch and chemical
    signals
  • Enterogastic reflex and enterogastrones (hormones)
    inhibit gastric secretion and duodenal filling
  • Stomach empties in ~4 hours, but increase in fatty chyme
    entering duodenum can increase time to 6 hours or more
  • Carbohydrate-rich chyme moves quickly through
    duodenum
A

regulation of gastric emptying

51
Q

digestive function is production of bile

A

liver

52
Q

fat emulsifier

A

bile

53
Q

chief function is storage of bile

A

gallbladder

54
Q

supplies most of enzymes needed to digest chyme, as well as bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid

A

pancreas

55
Q

what are the 4 lobes of the liver

A

right (larger), left (smaller), caudate, quadrate

56
Q

a mesentery that separates right and left lobes
suspends liver from diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall

A

falciform ligament

57
Q

remnant of fetal umbilical vein along free edge of falciform ligament

A

round ligament

58
Q

anchors liver to stomach

A

lesser omentum

59
Q

supplies oxygen

A

hepatic artery

60
Q

brings nutrient filled blood from intestines

A

hepatic portal vein

61
Q

what are the bile ducts

A

common hepatic duct
cystic duct
common bile duct

62
Q

leaves liver

A

common hepatic duct

63
Q

drains the gallbladder

A

cystic duct

64
Q

formed by union of common hepatic duct and cystic ducts

A

common bile duct

65
Q

hexagonal structural and functional units
composed of hepatocytes that filter and process nutrient-rich blood

A

liver lobules

66
Q

leaky capillaries located between hepatic cells

A

liver sinusoids

67
Q

in liver sinusoids remove debris and old RBCs

A

stellate macrophages

68
Q

what are the liver functions?

A

Produce ~900 ml bile per day
Process blood-borne nutrients
* Store fat-soluble vitamins (A,D, E & K)
* Perform detoxification of waste and drugs
* Metabolism of fats, proteins and CHO

69
Q

yellow-green, alkaline solution, containing bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids and electrolytes

A

bile

70
Q

cholesterol derivatives that function in fat emulsification and absorption

A

bile salts

71
Q

bile pigment, a waste product of heme formed during breakdown of erythrocytes

A

bilirubin

72
Q

a thin-walled muscular sac beneath right lobe of liver
functions to store and concentrate bile
contains many honeycomb folds that allow it to expand as it fills

A

gallbladder

73
Q

flows into bile duct that empties into duodenum of SI

A

cystic duct

74
Q

produces enzymes that break down all categories of food
soft, tadpole shaped, mostly retroperitoneal; deep to greater curvature of stomach; between spleen and small intestine

A

pancreas

75
Q

what are the exocrine functions of the pancreas?

A

produce pancreatic juice

76
Q

clusters of secretory cells to produce enzyme rich component of pancreatic juices

A

acini

77
Q

secrete pancreatic juices to duodenum via main pancreatic duct; smaller duct cells produce water that make up the bulk of pancreatic juice and bicarbonate which makes it alkaline

A

ducts

78
Q

what are the endocrine functions of the pancreas?

A

secretion of insulin and glucagon by pancreatic islet cells

79
Q

what is the composition of pancreatic juice?

A

1200–1500 ml/day is produced containing:
* Watery, alkaline solution (pH 8) to neutralize acidic
chyme coming from stomach
* Electrolytes, primarily bicarbonate - > HCO3-
* Digestive enzymes:
Proteases
amylase
lipases
nucleases

80
Q

secreated in inactive form to prevent self-digestion of pancreas, activated in the duodenum

A

proteases

81
Q

breaks down carbohydrates (straches)

A

amylase

82
Q

breaks down lipids (fats)

A

lipases

83
Q

breaks down nucleatic acids

A

nucleases

84
Q

what hormones control the regulation of pile and pancreatic secretions?

A

cholecystokinin
secretin

85
Q

stimulates gallbladder to release bile

A

cholecystokinin

86
Q

produced in response to acid

A

secretin

A & P (21 decks)

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