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objective 6 pt 2 Flashcards

1
Q

food passes from mouth into oropharynx and then into laryngopharynx
allows passage of food, fluids, and air
stratified squamous epithelium lining contains mucus-producing glands

A

pharynx

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2
Q

what do external muscle layers consists of two skeletal muscle layers?

A

inner layer runs longitudinally
outer encircles wall of pharynx

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3
Q

flat muscular tube that runs from laryngopharynx to stomach
pierces diaphragm at esophageal hiatus to enter abdomen
joins stomach at cardinal orifice which is surrounded by the cardiac sphincter

A

esophahgus

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4
Q

keeps orifice closed when food is not being swallowed
mucus cells on both sides of sphincter help protect esophagus from acid reflux

A

cardiac sphincter

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5
Q

what are the two phases of deglutition?

A

buccal phase
pharyngeal-esophageal phase

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6
Q

voluntary contraction of tongue compacts food and makes a bolus that initiates swallowing

A

buccal phase

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7
Q

involuntary phase that primarily involves vagus nerve
controlled by swallowing center in medulla and pons

A

pharyngeal-esophageal phase

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8
Q

a temporary storage tank and performs physical and chemical breakdown of food into a slurry called chyme
located in upper left quadrant, nearly hidden by liver and diaphragm

A

stomach

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9
Q

what are the major regions of the stomach?

A

cardiac sphincter
fundus
body
pyloric part
greater curvature
lesser curvature

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10
Q

at end of esophagus before stomach; prevents acid reflux

A

cardiac sphincter

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11
Q

dome-shaped region beneath diaphragm

A

fundus

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12
Q

mid-portion; continuous with pyloric part

A

body

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13
Q

pylorus is continuous with duodenum through pyloric valve

A

pyloric part

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14
Q

convex lateral surface of stomach

A

greater curvature

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15
Q

concave medial surface of stomach

A

lesser curvature

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16
Q

extend from curvatures and ether stomach to other digestive organs

A

mesenteries

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17
Q

runs from lesser curvature to liver

A

lesser omentum

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18
Q

drapes from bottom of greater curvature over intestine, spleen, and transverse colon

A

greater omentum

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19
Q

fibers from thoracic region are relayed through the celiac plexus

A

sympathetic

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20
Q

fibers are supplied by vagus nerve

A

parasympathetic

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21
Q

has circular and longitudinal smoother muscle layers but also has extra layer of smooth muscle

A

muscularis externa

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22
Q

allows stomach to pummel food, which increases physical breakdown

A

inner oblique layer

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23
Q

consists mostly of mucuous cells
dotted with gastric pits, which lead into gastric glands that produce gastric juices

A

mucosa layer

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24
Q

folds in mucosa

A

ruage

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25
what are the types of secreting cells in gastric glands?
mucous neck cells parietal cells chief cells enteroendocrine cells
26
secrete thin, acidic mucus of unknown function
mucous neck cells
27
makes stomach contents acidic; breaks down protein, activates pepsin, breaks down plant cell walls, and kills many bacteria
hydrochloric acid
28
required for absorption of vitamin B12 in small intestine
intrinsic factor
29
what are the secretions of chief cells?
pepsinogen lipases
30
activated by HCL to convert to pepsin
pepsinogen
31
fat digesting enzyme digests ~15% of lipids
lipases
32
secrete variety of hormones including gastrin; chemical messenger
enteroendocrine cells
33
what are the processes carried out by stomach?
1. Carries out breakdown of food 2. Serves as holding area for food 3. Delivers chyme to small intestine 4. Denatures proteins by HCl 5. Pepsin carries out breakdown of proteins 6. Lipid-soluble alcohol and aspirin are absorbed into blood 7. The only stomach function essential to life is secretion of intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption
34
what is the gastric mucosa regulated by neural mechanisms?
vagus nerve stimulation increases secretion sympathetic stimulation decreased secretion
35
what is the gastric mucosa regulated by hormonal mechanisms?
* Gastrin stimulates secretion of enzymes and HCl secretion * Gastrin antagonists are secreted by small intestine
36
what are the 3 phases of gastric secretions?
cephalic phase gastric phase intestinal phase
37
conditioned reflex triggered by aroma, taste, sight, thought. occurs before food enters stomach (minutes)
cephalic phase
38
lasts 3-4 hours and provides two-thirds of gastric juice released
gastric phase
39
stomach distension activates stretch, receptors, initiating both long and short reflexes chemical stimuli, such as partially digested proteins, caffeine, and low acidity, activate secretion of gastrin Release of gastrin initiates HCl release from parietal cells and activates enzyme secretion A Buffering action occurs as proteins (which tie up H+) causes pH to rise, which activates more gastrin secretion
stimulation of gastric phase
40
Low pH (below 2) inhibits gastrin secretion Occurs between meals Occurs during digestion as negative feedback mechanism The more protein, the more HCl acid is secreted, causing decline in pH, which inhibits gastrin secretion Activation of fight or flight response
inhibition of gastric phase
41
begins with a brief stimulatory component but is primarily inhibition
intestinal phase
42
Partially digested food enters small intestine, causing a brief release of intestinal (enteric) gastrin Encourages gastric glands of stomach to continue secretory activities Stimulatory effect is brief and overridden by inhibitory stimuli as intestine fills
stimulation of intestinal phase
43
what are the 4 main factors in duodenum cause inhibition of gastric secretions?
1. Distension of duodenum due to entry of chyme 2. Presence of acidic chyme 3. Presence of fatty chyme 4. Presence of hypertonic chyme
44
what are the 2 ways inhibition is achieved?
enterogastric reflex enterogastrones
45
how does the duodenum inhibits acid secretion in stomach?
enteric nervous system sympathetic nervous system and vagus nerve
46
how does the duodenal cells release important hormones that inhibit gastric secretion?
secretin cholecystokinin gastric inhibitory peptide
47
of smooth muscle in the fundus and body in anticipation of and food moving through esophagus. coordinated by vagus nerve
receptive relaxation
48
stomach can stretch without increasing tension or contracting expulsivity
gastric accomodation
49
peristalsis begins near gastroesophageal sphincter to pylorus pyloric part acts as filter that allows only liquids and small particles pass through pyloric valve. approx 3ml released at a time
gastric contractile activity
50
* Duodenum can prevent overfilling by controlling how much chyme enters * Duodenal receptors respond to stretch and chemical signals * Enterogastic reflex and enterogastrones (hormones) inhibit gastric secretion and duodenal filling * Stomach empties in ~4 hours, but increase in fatty chyme entering duodenum can increase time to 6 hours or more * Carbohydrate-rich chyme moves quickly through duodenum
regulation of gastric emptying
51
digestive function is production of bile
liver
52
fat emulsifier
bile
53
chief function is storage of bile
gallbladder
54
supplies most of enzymes needed to digest chyme, as well as bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid
pancreas
55
what are the 4 lobes of the liver
right (larger), left (smaller), caudate, quadrate
56
a mesentery that separates right and left lobes suspends liver from diaphragm and anterior abdominal wall
falciform ligament
57
remnant of fetal umbilical vein along free edge of falciform ligament
round ligament
58
anchors liver to stomach
lesser omentum
59
supplies oxygen
hepatic artery
60
brings nutrient filled blood from intestines
hepatic portal vein
61
what are the bile ducts
common hepatic duct cystic duct common bile duct
62
leaves liver
common hepatic duct
63
drains the gallbladder
cystic duct
64
formed by union of common hepatic duct and cystic ducts
common bile duct
65
hexagonal structural and functional units composed of hepatocytes that filter and process nutrient-rich blood
liver lobules
66
leaky capillaries located between hepatic cells
liver sinusoids
67
in liver sinusoids remove debris and old RBCs
stellate macrophages
68
what are the liver functions?
Produce ~900 ml bile per day Process blood-borne nutrients * Store fat-soluble vitamins (A,D, E & K) * Perform detoxification of waste and drugs * Metabolism of fats, proteins and CHO
69
yellow-green, alkaline solution, containing bile salts, bile pigments, cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids and electrolytes
bile
70
cholesterol derivatives that function in fat emulsification and absorption
bile salts
71
bile pigment, a waste product of heme formed during breakdown of erythrocytes
bilirubin
72
a thin-walled muscular sac beneath right lobe of liver functions to store and concentrate bile contains many honeycomb folds that allow it to expand as it fills
gallbladder
73
flows into bile duct that empties into duodenum of SI
cystic duct
74
produces enzymes that break down all categories of food soft, tadpole shaped, mostly retroperitoneal; deep to greater curvature of stomach; between spleen and small intestine
pancreas
75
what are the exocrine functions of the pancreas?
produce pancreatic juice
76
clusters of secretory cells to produce enzyme rich component of pancreatic juices
acini
77
secrete pancreatic juices to duodenum via main pancreatic duct; smaller duct cells produce water that make up the bulk of pancreatic juice and bicarbonate which makes it alkaline
ducts
78
what are the endocrine functions of the pancreas?
secretion of insulin and glucagon by pancreatic islet cells
79
what is the composition of pancreatic juice?
1200–1500 ml/day is produced containing: * Watery, alkaline solution (pH 8) to neutralize acidic chyme coming from stomach * Electrolytes, primarily bicarbonate - > HCO3- * Digestive enzymes: Proteases amylase lipases nucleases
80
secreated in inactive form to prevent self-digestion of pancreas, activated in the duodenum
proteases
81
breaks down carbohydrates (straches)
amylase
82
breaks down lipids (fats)
lipases
83
breaks down nucleatic acids
nucleases
84
what hormones control the regulation of pile and pancreatic secretions?
cholecystokinin secretin
85
stimulates gallbladder to release bile
cholecystokinin
86
produced in response to acid
secretin

A & P (21 decks)

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