obj 5 pt 1 Flashcards
what is the major function of the respiratory system?
supply body with O2
get rid of CO2
what are the 4 processes of respiration?
pulmonary ventilation
external respiration
transport of respiratory gases
internal respiration
Breathing: inspiration and expiration
pulmonary ventilation
exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood
external respiration
O2 and CO2 transported in the blood
transport of respiratory gases
exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood vessels and tissues
internal respiration
what are the major organs of the upper respiratory tract?
nose and nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
pharynx
what are the major organs of the lower respiratory tract?
larynx
trachea
bronchi and branches
lungs and alveoli
only external portion of the respiratory system
nose
what are the functions of the nose
- Provides an airway for respiration
- Moistens and warms entering air
- Filters and cleans inspired air
- Serves as resonating chamber for speech
- Houses olfactory (smell) receptors
what are the 2 regions of the nose?
external nose
nasal cavity
root, bridge, dorsum nasi, apex
external nose
what is the external nose formed by?
- Nasal and frontal bones superiorly (bridge and root of nose)
- Maxillary bones laterally
- Plates of hyaline cartilage inferiorly
- Divided at midline by nasal septum
nasal cavity
formed by cartilage, vomer bone and ethmoid bone
septum
turns into nasopharynx
posteriorly nasal cavity
ethmoid and sphenoid bones
roof
nasal cavity superior to nostrils contains sebaceous and sweat glands
lined with hairs that filter coarse particles from inspired air
nasal vestibule
contains smell receptors
olfactory mucosa
what are the 2 types of mucous membranes that line the nasal cavity?
olfactory mucosa
respiratory mucosa
contains many seromucous nasal glands
respiratory mucosa
3 scroll-like, mucosa-covered projections that protrude from wall of nasal cavity
nasal conchae
what are the functions of the nasal conchae during inhalation?
Filter, heat, and moisten air
what is the function of the nasal conchae during exhalation?
- Reclaim heat and moisture
- This minimizes the amount of moisture and heat lost from
body through breathing
form a ring around nasal cavities
located in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
paranasal sinuses
what are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?
- Lighten skull
- Secrete mucus
- Help to warm and moisten air
- Nose blowing helps drain sinuses
funnel-shaped myscylar tube that runs from base of skull to vertebra C6
connects nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus
composed of skeletal muscle
pharynx (throat)
what are the 3 regions of the pharynx?
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
air passageway
soft palate and uvula close nasopharynx during swallowing
nasopharynx
drain and equalize pressure in middle ear and open into lateral walls
pharyngotympanic tubes
passageway for food and air
epithelium is more protective stratified squamous epithelium than ______
oropharynx
located in lateral walls
palatine tonsils
located on posterior surface of tongue
lingual tonsil
passageway for food and air
extends to larynx, where it is continuous with esophagus
laryngopharynx
what are the 2 zones of the lower respiratory system?
respiratory zone
conducting zone
voice box; contains vocal cords
opens into laryngopharynx and is continuous with trachea
larynx
what are the 3 functions of the larynx?
provides patent airway
routes air and food into proper channels
voice production
what does the larynx consist of?
9 hyaline cartilages connected by membranes and ligaments
what are the 9 hyaline cartilages?
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
paired arytenoid cartilages
paired cuneiform cartilages
paired corniculate cartilages
epiglottis
large, shield-shaped cartilage that contains laryngeal prominence
thyroid cartilage
ring-shaped
cricoid cartilage
spoon shaped
consists of elastic cartilage
covered in taste-bud containing mucosa
prevents food or liquids from entering respiratory channels during swallowing
epiglottis
form core of vocal folds on each side
vocal ligaments
opening between vocal folds and vocal folds
folds vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from lungs
glottis
superior to vocal folds
no part in sound production
help to close the glottis during swallowing
vestibular folds
windpipe
extends from larynx and ends by dividing into two main bronchi
it is about 4 inches long, 3/4 inch in diameter and very flexible
expands for breathing
trachea
what are the 3 layers of the trachea?
mucosa
submucosa
adventitia
trachealis
carina
cilia propels mucus toward pharynx
mucosa
connective tissue layer with seromucous glands help produce mucous sheets in the trachea.
supported by 16-20 C-shaped cartilage rings that prevent collapse of trachea
submucosa
outermost layer made of connective tissue; encases C-shaped rings
adventitia
consists of smooth muscle fibers that connect posterior parts of cartilage rings
contracts during coughing to expel mucus
expands as swallowed food passes through
trachealis
last tracheal cartilage that is expanded and found at point where trachea branches into two main bronchi
carina
branching
bronchial tree
trachea divides to form rt and lt main _____
rt and lt main _______ run into their respective lungs
air passages further branch out
bronchi
each main bronchus then branches into _____
lobar
each lobar bronchus branches into _____
divide repeatedly
segmental bronchi
less than 1mm in diameter
bronchioles
smallest of all branches
less than 0.5mm in diameter
terminal bronchioles
lead into alveolar ducts and finally into alveolar sacs
respiratory bronchioles
contain clusters of alveoli
alveolar sacs
300 million make up most of lung volume
sites of actual gas exchange
alveoli
blood air barrier that allows gas exchange across membrane by simple diffusion
respiratory membrane
what do alveolar walls consist of?
- Single layer of squamous epithelium
- Scattered cuboidal alveolar cells which secrete
surfactant and antimicrobial proteins
flank the mediastinum in thoracic cavity
lungs
site of vascular and bronchial attachment to mediastinum
root
surfaces in close contact with ribs
costal surface
superior tip, deep to clavicle
apex
inferior surface that rests on diaphragm
base
is the site for entry/exit of blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
hilum
separated into superior and inferior lobes by oblique fissure (2 lobes)
smaller than ____ bcuz of position of heart
left lung
concavity for heart to fit into
cardiac notch
separated into superior, middle, and inferior lobes (3 lobes)
right lung
separated by horizontal fissure
superior and middle lobes
separated by oblique fissure
middle and inferior lobes
10 on right and 8-10 on left
each segment is served by its own artery, vein, and bronchus
separated by connective tissue septa
bronchopulmonary segments
smallest subdivisions visible to naked eye; served by bronchioles and their branches
lobules
elastic connective tissue
makes lungs very elastic and spongy
stroma
thin, double-layered serosal membrane that divides thoracic cavity into 3 chambers
pleurae
lines the thoracic wall and superior face of the diaphragm and mediastinnum
parietal plura
membrane on external lung surface
visceral pleura
fills pleural cavity between 2 pleurae
provides lubrication and surface tension that assists in expansion and recoil of lungs
pleural fluid
