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A & P > obj 5 pt 1 > Flashcards

obj 5 pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the major function of the respiratory system?

A

supply body with O2
get rid of CO2

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2
Q

what are the 4 processes of respiration?

A

pulmonary ventilation
external respiration
transport of respiratory gases
internal respiration

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3
Q

Breathing: inspiration and expiration

A

pulmonary ventilation

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4
Q

exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood

A

external respiration

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5
Q

O2 and CO2 transported in the blood

A

transport of respiratory gases

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6
Q

exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood vessels and tissues

A

internal respiration

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7
Q

what are the major organs of the upper respiratory tract?

A

nose and nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
pharynx

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8
Q

what are the major organs of the lower respiratory tract?

A

larynx
trachea
bronchi and branches
lungs and alveoli

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9
Q

only external portion of the respiratory system

A

nose

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10
Q

what are the functions of the nose

A
  • Provides an airway for respiration
  • Moistens and warms entering air
  • Filters and cleans inspired air
  • Serves as resonating chamber for speech
  • Houses olfactory (smell) receptors
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11
Q

what are the 2 regions of the nose?

A

external nose
nasal cavity

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12
Q

root, bridge, dorsum nasi, apex

A

external nose

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13
Q

what is the external nose formed by?

A
  • Nasal and frontal bones superiorly (bridge and root of nose)
  • Maxillary bones laterally
  • Plates of hyaline cartilage inferiorly
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14
Q
  • Divided at midline by nasal septum
A

nasal cavity

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15
Q

formed by cartilage, vomer bone and ethmoid bone

A

septum

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16
Q

turns into nasopharynx

A

posteriorly nasal cavity

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17
Q

ethmoid and sphenoid bones

A

roof

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18
Q

nasal cavity superior to nostrils contains sebaceous and sweat glands
lined with hairs that filter coarse particles from inspired air

A

nasal vestibule

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19
Q

contains smell receptors

A

olfactory mucosa

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19
Q

what are the 2 types of mucous membranes that line the nasal cavity?

A

olfactory mucosa
respiratory mucosa

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20
Q

contains many seromucous nasal glands

A

respiratory mucosa

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21
Q

3 scroll-like, mucosa-covered projections that protrude from wall of nasal cavity

A

nasal conchae

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22
Q

what are the functions of the nasal conchae during inhalation?

A

Filter, heat, and moisten air

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23
Q

what is the function of the nasal conchae during exhalation?

A
  • Reclaim heat and moisture
  • This minimizes the amount of moisture and heat lost from
    body through breathing
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24
Q

form a ring around nasal cavities
located in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones

A

paranasal sinuses

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25
Q

what are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?

A
  • Lighten skull
  • Secrete mucus
  • Help to warm and moisten air
  • Nose blowing helps drain sinuses
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26
Q

funnel-shaped myscylar tube that runs from base of skull to vertebra C6
connects nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus
composed of skeletal muscle

A

pharynx (throat)

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27
Q

what are the 3 regions of the pharynx?

A

nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx

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28
Q

air passageway
soft palate and uvula close nasopharynx during swallowing

A

nasopharynx

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29
Q

drain and equalize pressure in middle ear and open into lateral walls

A

pharyngotympanic tubes

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30
Q

passageway for food and air
epithelium is more protective stratified squamous epithelium than ______

A

oropharynx

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31
Q

located in lateral walls

A

palatine tonsils

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32
Q

located on posterior surface of tongue

A

lingual tonsil

33
Q

passageway for food and air
extends to larynx, where it is continuous with esophagus

A

laryngopharynx

34
Q

what are the 2 zones of the lower respiratory system?

A

respiratory zone
conducting zone

35
Q

voice box; contains vocal cords
opens into laryngopharynx and is continuous with trachea

A

larynx

36
Q

what are the 3 functions of the larynx?

A

provides patent airway
routes air and food into proper channels
voice production

37
Q

what does the larynx consist of?

A

9 hyaline cartilages connected by membranes and ligaments

38
Q

what are the 9 hyaline cartilages?

A

thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
paired arytenoid cartilages
paired cuneiform cartilages
paired corniculate cartilages
epiglottis

39
Q

large, shield-shaped cartilage that contains laryngeal prominence

A

thyroid cartilage

40
Q

ring-shaped

A

cricoid cartilage

41
Q

spoon shaped
consists of elastic cartilage
covered in taste-bud containing mucosa
prevents food or liquids from entering respiratory channels during swallowing

A

epiglottis

42
Q

form core of vocal folds on each side

A

vocal ligaments

43
Q

opening between vocal folds and vocal folds
folds vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from lungs

A

glottis

44
Q

superior to vocal folds
no part in sound production
help to close the glottis during swallowing

A

vestibular folds

45
Q

windpipe
extends from larynx and ends by dividing into two main bronchi
it is about 4 inches long, 3/4 inch in diameter and very flexible
expands for breathing

A

trachea

46
Q

what are the 3 layers of the trachea?

A

mucosa
submucosa
adventitia
trachealis
carina

47
Q

cilia propels mucus toward pharynx

A

mucosa

48
Q

connective tissue layer with seromucous glands help produce mucous sheets in the trachea.
supported by 16-20 C-shaped cartilage rings that prevent collapse of trachea

A

submucosa

49
Q

outermost layer made of connective tissue; encases C-shaped rings

A

adventitia

50
Q

consists of smooth muscle fibers that connect posterior parts of cartilage rings
contracts during coughing to expel mucus
expands as swallowed food passes through

A

trachealis

51
Q

last tracheal cartilage that is expanded and found at point where trachea branches into two main bronchi

A

carina

52
Q

branching

A

bronchial tree

53
Q

trachea divides to form rt and lt main _____
rt and lt main _______ run into their respective lungs
air passages further branch out

A

bronchi

53
Q

each main bronchus then branches into _____

A

lobar

54
Q

each lobar bronchus branches into _____
divide repeatedly

A

segmental bronchi

55
Q

less than 1mm in diameter

A

bronchioles

56
Q

smallest of all branches
less than 0.5mm in diameter

A

terminal bronchioles

57
Q

lead into alveolar ducts and finally into alveolar sacs

A

respiratory bronchioles

58
Q

contain clusters of alveoli

A

alveolar sacs

59
Q

300 million make up most of lung volume
sites of actual gas exchange

A

alveoli

60
Q

blood air barrier that allows gas exchange across membrane by simple diffusion

A

respiratory membrane

61
Q

what do alveolar walls consist of?

A
  • Single layer of squamous epithelium
  • Scattered cuboidal alveolar cells which secrete
    surfactant and antimicrobial proteins
62
Q

flank the mediastinum in thoracic cavity

A

lungs

63
Q

site of vascular and bronchial attachment to mediastinum

A

root

64
Q

surfaces in close contact with ribs

A

costal surface

65
Q

superior tip, deep to clavicle

A

apex

66
Q

inferior surface that rests on diaphragm

A

base

67
Q

is the site for entry/exit of blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves

A

hilum

68
Q

separated into superior and inferior lobes by oblique fissure (2 lobes)
smaller than ____ bcuz of position of heart

A

left lung

69
Q

concavity for heart to fit into

A

cardiac notch

70
Q

separated into superior, middle, and inferior lobes (3 lobes)

A

right lung

71
Q

separated by horizontal fissure

A

superior and middle lobes

72
Q

separated by oblique fissure

A

middle and inferior lobes

73
Q

10 on right and 8-10 on left
each segment is served by its own artery, vein, and bronchus
separated by connective tissue septa

A

bronchopulmonary segments

74
Q

smallest subdivisions visible to naked eye; served by bronchioles and their branches

A

lobules

75
Q

elastic connective tissue
makes lungs very elastic and spongy

A

stroma

75
Q

thin, double-layered serosal membrane that divides thoracic cavity into 3 chambers

A

pleurae

76
Q

lines the thoracic wall and superior face of the diaphragm and mediastinnum

A

parietal plura

77
Q

membrane on external lung surface

A

visceral pleura

78
Q

fills pleural cavity between 2 pleurae
provides lubrication and surface tension that assists in expansion and recoil of lungs

A

pleural fluid

A & P (21 decks)

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