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obj 5 pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

what is the major function of the respiratory system?

A

supply body with O2
get rid of CO2

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2
Q

what are the 4 processes of respiration?

A

pulmonary ventilation
external respiration
transport of respiratory gases
internal respiration

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3
Q

Breathing: inspiration and expiration

A

pulmonary ventilation

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4
Q

exchange of O2 and CO2 between lungs and blood

A

external respiration

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5
Q

O2 and CO2 transported in the blood

A

transport of respiratory gases

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6
Q

exchange of O2 and CO2 between blood vessels and tissues

A

internal respiration

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7
Q

what are the major organs of the upper respiratory tract?

A

nose and nasal cavity
paranasal sinuses
pharynx

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8
Q

what are the major organs of the lower respiratory tract?

A

larynx
trachea
bronchi and branches
lungs and alveoli

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9
Q

only external portion of the respiratory system

A

nose

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10
Q

what are the functions of the nose

A
  • Provides an airway for respiration
  • Moistens and warms entering air
  • Filters and cleans inspired air
  • Serves as resonating chamber for speech
  • Houses olfactory (smell) receptors
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11
Q

what are the 2 regions of the nose?

A

external nose
nasal cavity

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12
Q

root, bridge, dorsum nasi, apex

A

external nose

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13
Q

what is the external nose formed by?

A
  • Nasal and frontal bones superiorly (bridge and root of nose)
  • Maxillary bones laterally
  • Plates of hyaline cartilage inferiorly
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14
Q
  • Divided at midline by nasal septum
A

nasal cavity

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15
Q

formed by cartilage, vomer bone and ethmoid bone

A

septum

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16
Q

turns into nasopharynx

A

posteriorly nasal cavity

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17
Q

ethmoid and sphenoid bones

A

roof

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18
Q

nasal cavity superior to nostrils contains sebaceous and sweat glands
lined with hairs that filter coarse particles from inspired air

A

nasal vestibule

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19
Q

contains smell receptors

A

olfactory mucosa

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19
Q

what are the 2 types of mucous membranes that line the nasal cavity?

A

olfactory mucosa
respiratory mucosa

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20
Q

contains many seromucous nasal glands

A

respiratory mucosa

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21
Q

3 scroll-like, mucosa-covered projections that protrude from wall of nasal cavity

A

nasal conchae

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22
Q

what are the functions of the nasal conchae during inhalation?

A

Filter, heat, and moisten air

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23
Q

what is the function of the nasal conchae during exhalation?

A
  • Reclaim heat and moisture
  • This minimizes the amount of moisture and heat lost from
    body through breathing
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24
form a ring around nasal cavities located in frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
paranasal sinuses
25
what are the functions of the paranasal sinuses?
* Lighten skull * Secrete mucus * Help to warm and moisten air * Nose blowing helps drain sinuses
26
funnel-shaped myscylar tube that runs from base of skull to vertebra C6 connects nasal cavity and mouth to larynx and esophagus composed of skeletal muscle
pharynx (throat)
27
what are the 3 regions of the pharynx?
nasopharynx oropharynx laryngopharynx
28
air passageway soft palate and uvula close nasopharynx during swallowing
nasopharynx
29
drain and equalize pressure in middle ear and open into lateral walls
pharyngotympanic tubes
30
passageway for food and air epithelium is more protective stratified squamous epithelium than ______
oropharynx
31
located in lateral walls
palatine tonsils
32
located on posterior surface of tongue
lingual tonsil
33
passageway for food and air extends to larynx, where it is continuous with esophagus
laryngopharynx
34
what are the 2 zones of the lower respiratory system?
respiratory zone conducting zone
35
voice box; contains vocal cords opens into laryngopharynx and is continuous with trachea
larynx
36
what are the 3 functions of the larynx?
provides patent airway routes air and food into proper channels voice production
37
what does the larynx consist of?
9 hyaline cartilages connected by membranes and ligaments
38
what are the 9 hyaline cartilages?
thyroid cartilage cricoid cartilage paired arytenoid cartilages paired cuneiform cartilages paired corniculate cartilages epiglottis
39
large, shield-shaped cartilage that contains laryngeal prominence
thyroid cartilage
40
ring-shaped
cricoid cartilage
41
spoon shaped consists of elastic cartilage covered in taste-bud containing mucosa prevents food or liquids from entering respiratory channels during swallowing
epiglottis
42
form core of vocal folds on each side
vocal ligaments
43
opening between vocal folds and vocal folds folds vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from lungs
glottis
44
superior to vocal folds no part in sound production help to close the glottis during swallowing
vestibular folds
45
windpipe extends from larynx and ends by dividing into two main bronchi it is about 4 inches long, 3/4 inch in diameter and very flexible expands for breathing
trachea
46
what are the 3 layers of the trachea?
mucosa submucosa adventitia trachealis carina
47
cilia propels mucus toward pharynx
mucosa
48
connective tissue layer with seromucous glands help produce mucous sheets in the trachea. supported by 16-20 C-shaped cartilage rings that prevent collapse of trachea
submucosa
49
outermost layer made of connective tissue; encases C-shaped rings
adventitia
50
consists of smooth muscle fibers that connect posterior parts of cartilage rings contracts during coughing to expel mucus expands as swallowed food passes through
trachealis
51
last tracheal cartilage that is expanded and found at point where trachea branches into two main bronchi
carina
52
branching
bronchial tree
53
trachea divides to form rt and lt main _____ rt and lt main _______ run into their respective lungs air passages further branch out
bronchi
53
each main bronchus then branches into _____
lobar
54
each lobar bronchus branches into _____ divide repeatedly
segmental bronchi
55
less than 1mm in diameter
bronchioles
56
smallest of all branches less than 0.5mm in diameter
terminal bronchioles
57
lead into alveolar ducts and finally into alveolar sacs
respiratory bronchioles
58
contain clusters of alveoli
alveolar sacs
59
300 million make up most of lung volume sites of actual gas exchange
alveoli
60
blood air barrier that allows gas exchange across membrane by simple diffusion
respiratory membrane
61
what do alveolar walls consist of?
* Single layer of squamous epithelium * Scattered cuboidal alveolar cells which secrete surfactant and antimicrobial proteins
62
flank the mediastinum in thoracic cavity
lungs
63
site of vascular and bronchial attachment to mediastinum
root
64
surfaces in close contact with ribs
costal surface
65
superior tip, deep to clavicle
apex
66
inferior surface that rests on diaphragm
base
67
is the site for entry/exit of blood vessels, bronchi, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
hilum
68
separated into superior and inferior lobes by oblique fissure (2 lobes) smaller than ____ bcuz of position of heart
left lung
69
concavity for heart to fit into
cardiac notch
70
separated into superior, middle, and inferior lobes (3 lobes)
right lung
71
separated by horizontal fissure
superior and middle lobes
72
separated by oblique fissure
middle and inferior lobes
73
10 on right and 8-10 on left each segment is served by its own artery, vein, and bronchus separated by connective tissue septa
bronchopulmonary segments
74
smallest subdivisions visible to naked eye; served by bronchioles and their branches
lobules
75
elastic connective tissue makes lungs very elastic and spongy
stroma
75
thin, double-layered serosal membrane that divides thoracic cavity into 3 chambers
pleurae
76
lines the thoracic wall and superior face of the diaphragm and mediastinnum
parietal plura
77
membrane on external lung surface
visceral pleura
78
fills pleural cavity between 2 pleurae provides lubrication and surface tension that assists in expansion and recoil of lungs
pleural fluid

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