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A & P > Objective 1 pt 1 > Flashcards

Objective 1 pt 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the life-sustaining transport vehicle of the cardiovascular system

A

blood

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2
Q

what are the functions of blood?

A

transport
regulation
protection

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3
Q

what are the transport functions?

A

delivering 02 and nutrients to body cells
transporting metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys for elimination
transporting hormones from endocrine organs to target organs

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4
Q

what are the regulation functions?

A

maintaining body temp by absorbing and distributing heat
maintaining normal pH using buffers
maintaining adequate fluid volume in circulatory system

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5
Q

what are the protection functions?

A

preventing blood loss
preventing infection

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6
Q

plasma proteins and platelets in blood initiate clot formation

A

preventing blood loss

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7
Q

agents of immunity are carried in blood

A

preventing infection

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8
Q

only fluid tissue in the body
type of connective tissue
sticky, opaque fluid with metallic taste
color varies with O2 content
pH 7.35-7.45
makes up 8% of body weight

A

Blood

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9
Q

nonliving fluid

A

plasma

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10
Q

living blood cells

A

formed elements

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11
Q

what are the formed elements

A

erythrocytes
leukocytes
platelets

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12
Q

percent of blood volume that is RBCs

A

hematocrit

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13
Q

thin, whiteish layer between RBCs and plasma layers

A

buffy coat layer

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14
Q

high O2 levels

A

scarlet red

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15
Q

low O2 levels

A

dark red

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16
Q

straw-colored sticky fluid
over 100 dissolved solutes

A

blood plasma

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17
Q

most abundant solutes by weight
remain in blood; not taken up by cells to be used a fuel
proteins produced mostly by liver

A

plasma proteins

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18
Q

makes up 60% of plasma proteins
functions as carrier of other molecules, as blood buffer, and contributes to plasma osmotic pressure

A

albumin

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19
Q

small cells that contribute to gas transport
biconcave disc shape
anucleate
no organelles
filled with hemoglobin for gas transport
contain plasma membrane protein spectrin

A

erythrocytes

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20
Q

provides flexibility to change shape to pass through capillaries

A

spectrin

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21
Q

what are the 3 features of erythrocytes that make for efficient gas transport?

A

biconcave shape offers huge surface area for gas exchange
hemoglobin makes up 97% of cell volume
RBCs have no mitochondria

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22
Q

binds reversibly with oxygen

A

hemoglobin

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23
Q

composed of four polypeptide chains
two alpha and two beta chains

A

globin

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24
Q

bonded to each globin chain
gives blood red color
each one central iron atom binds one oxygen

A

heme

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25
Q

produces oxyhemoglobin when O2 binds with iron

A

O2 loading in lungs to bring O2 to body tissues

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26
Q

produces deoxyhemoglobin, or reduced hemoglobin

A

O2 unloading in tissues

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27
Q

20% of CO2 in blood binds to globins amino acid rather than heme producing carbaminohemoglobin

A

CO2 loading in tissues

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28
Q

formation of all blood cells

A

hematopoiesis

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29
Q

stem cell that gives rise to all formed elements
hormones and growth factors push stem cell toward specific pathway of blood cell development
once cells are committed to a certain blood cell pathway, it cannot change

A

hematopoietic stem cells

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30
Q

what are the stages of erythropoiesis?

A

hematopoietic stem cell
myeloid stem cell
proerythroblast
basophilic erythroblasts
polychromatic erythroblasts
orthochromatic erythroblasts
reticulocytes
mature erythrocyte

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31
Q

process of formation of RBCs that takes about 15 days

A

erythropoiesis

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32
Q

transforms into myeloid stem cell

A

hematopoietic stem cell

33
Q

transforms into proerythroblast

A

myeloid stem cell

34
Q

divides many times, transforming into basophilic erythroblasts

A

proerythroblast

35
Q

synthesize many ribosomes

A

basophilic erythroblasts

36
Q

synthesize large amounts of red-hued hemoglobin

A

polychromatic erythroblasts

37
Q

contain mostly hemoglobin, so appear just pink; eject most organelles; nucleaus degrades, causing concave shape

A

orthochromatic erythroblasts

38
Q

still contain small amount of ribosomes, differentiation occurs in bloodstream

A

reticulocytes

39
Q

in 2 days, ribosomes degrade, transforming into mature RBC

A

mature erythrocyte

40
Q

too few RBCs lead to….

A

tissue hypoxia

41
Q

too many RBCs increase…

A

blood viscosity

42
Q

what does balance between RBC production a d destruction depend on?

A

hormonal controls
dietary requirements

43
Q

hormone that stimulates formation of RBCs
always small amount of EPO in blood to maintain basal rate
mainly released by kidneys in response to hypoxia

A

erythropoietin (EPO)

44
Q

what are the causes of hypoxia that lead to formation of EPO?

A

decreased RBC numbers due to hemorrhage or increased destruction of RBCs
insufficient hemoglobin per RBC
reduced availability of O2

45
Q

what are the dietary requirements for erythropoiesis?

A

amino acids
lipids
carbohydrates
iron
vitamin B12

46
Q

stored in cells as ferritin and hemosiderin
transported in blood bound to protein transferrin

A

free iron

47
Q

what are the lifespan of erythrocytes

A

100-120 days

48
Q

are the only formed element that are complete cells with nuclei and organelles
make up <1% of total blood volume
function in defense against disease

A

leukocytes

49
Q

WBC count over 11,000 per ul

A

leukocytosis

50
Q

what are the 2 major categories of leukocytes?

A

granulocytes
agranulocytes

51
Q

what are the 3 types of granulocytes?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

52
Q

larger and shorter-life than RBCs
contain lobed nuclei
cytoplasmic granules stain specifically with Wright’s stain

A

granulocytes

53
Q

most numerous WBCs
about twice the size of RBCs
granules stain with both acid and basic dyes
granules contain either hydrolytic enzymes or antimicrobial proteins
very phagocytic
referred to as “bacteria slayers”
kill microbes by process called respiratory burst

A

neutrophils

54
Q

cell metabolizes oxygen to synthesizes potent oxidizing substances such as bleach or hydrogen peroxide

A

respiratory burst

55
Q

account for 2-4% of all leukocytes
nucleus has 2 lobes connected by a broad band; resembles ear muffs
red-staining granules digestive enzymes
also play role in allergies and asthma as well as immune response modulators

A

eosinophils

56
Q

rarest WBCs, accounting for only 0.5-1% of leukocytes
nucleus deep purple with one to two constrictions
large, purpleish black granules contain histamine
are functionally similar to mast cells

A

basophils

57
Q

inflammatory chemical that acts as vasodilator and attracts WBCs to inflamed sites

A

histamine

58
Q

lack visible cytoplasmic granules

A

agranulocytes

59
Q

what are the two types of agranulocytes?

A

lymphocytes and monocytes

60
Q

second most numerous WBC, accounts for 25%
lrg, dark purple, circular nuclei with thin rim of blue cytoplasm
mostly found in lymphoid tissue, but a few circulate in blood
crucial to immunity

A

lymphocytes

61
Q

what are the two types of lymphocytes?

A

T lymphocytes
B lymphocytes

62
Q

act against virus-infected cells and tumor cells

A

T lymphocytes

63
Q

give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies

A

B lymphocytes

64
Q

largest of all leukocytes
abundant pale blue cytoplasm
dark purple staining, U-or kidney-shaped nuclei
leave circulation, enter tissues, and differentiate into macrophages
activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response

A

monocytes

65
Q

production of WBCs are stimulated by two types of chemical messengers from red bone marrow and mature WBCs

A

leukopoiesis

66
Q

are numbered

A

interleukins

67
Q

are named for WBC type they stimulate

A

colony-stimulating factors

68
Q

what are the two pathways that a hemocytoblast stem cell can branch into?

A

lymphoid stem cells
myeloid stem cells

69
Q

produces lymphocytes

A

lymphoid stem cells

70
Q

produce all other elements

A

myeloid stem cells

71
Q

what are the stages of production of a granulocyte?

A

myeloblasts
promyelocytes
myelocytes
band cells
mature granulocyte

72
Q

arise from myeloid line stem cells

A

myeloblasts

73
Q

accumulate lyosomes

A

promyelocytes

74
Q

cells accumulate granules and cell division stops

A

myelocytes

75
Q

nuclei form curved arc

A

band cells

76
Q

nuclei become segmented before being released in blood

A

mature granulocyte

77
Q

what is the production of a monocyte?

A

Monoblast —> promonocyte —> monocyte
share common precursor with neutrophils
can live for several months

78
Q

what is the production of a lymphocyte?

A

T lymphocyte precursors give rise to immature T lymphocytes that mature in thymus
B lymphocyte precursors give rise to immature B lymphocytes that mature within bone marrow

A & P (21 decks)

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