Objective 1 pt 1

Question 1

the life-sustaining transport vehicle of the cardiovascular system

Answer 1

blood

Question 2

what are the functions of blood?

Answer 2

transport
regulation
protection

Question 3

what are the transport functions?

Answer 3

delivering 02 and nutrients to body cells
transporting metabolic wastes to lungs and kidneys for elimination
transporting hormones from endocrine organs to target organs

Question 4

what are the regulation functions?

Answer 4

maintaining body temp by absorbing and distributing heat
maintaining normal pH using buffers
maintaining adequate fluid volume in circulatory system

Question 5

what are the protection functions?

Answer 5

preventing blood loss
preventing infection

Question 6

plasma proteins and platelets in blood initiate clot formation

Answer 6

preventing blood loss

Question 7

agents of immunity are carried in blood

Answer 7

preventing infection

Question 8

only fluid tissue in the body
type of connective tissue
sticky, opaque fluid with metallic taste
color varies with O2 content
pH 7.35-7.45
makes up 8% of body weight

Answer 8

Blood

Question 9

nonliving fluid

Answer 9

plasma

Question 10

living blood cells

Answer 10

formed elements

Question 11

what are the formed elements

Answer 11

erythrocytes
leukocytes
platelets

Question 12

percent of blood volume that is RBCs

Answer 12

hematocrit

Question 13

thin, whiteish layer between RBCs and plasma layers

Answer 13

buffy coat layer

Question 14

high O2 levels

Answer 14

scarlet red

Question 15

low O2 levels

Answer 15

dark red

Question 16

straw-colored sticky fluid
over 100 dissolved solutes

Answer 16

blood plasma

Question 17

most abundant solutes by weight
remain in blood; not taken up by cells to be used a fuel
proteins produced mostly by liver

Answer 17

plasma proteins

Question 18

makes up 60% of plasma proteins
functions as carrier of other molecules, as blood buffer, and contributes to plasma osmotic pressure

Answer 18

albumin

Question 19

small cells that contribute to gas transport
biconcave disc shape
anucleate
no organelles
filled with hemoglobin for gas transport
contain plasma membrane protein spectrin

Answer 19

erythrocytes

Question 20

provides flexibility to change shape to pass through capillaries

Answer 20

spectrin

Question 21

what are the 3 features of erythrocytes that make for efficient gas transport?

Answer 21

biconcave shape offers huge surface area for gas exchange
hemoglobin makes up 97% of cell volume
RBCs have no mitochondria

Question 22

binds reversibly with oxygen

Answer 22

hemoglobin

Question 23

composed of four polypeptide chains
two alpha and two beta chains

Answer 23

globin

Question 24

bonded to each globin chain
gives blood red color
each one central iron atom binds one oxygen

Answer 24

heme

Question 25

produces oxyhemoglobin when O2 binds with iron

Answer 25

O2 loading in lungs to bring O2 to body tissues

Question 26

produces deoxyhemoglobin, or reduced hemoglobin

Answer 26

O2 unloading in tissues

Question 27

20% of CO2 in blood binds to globins amino acid rather than heme producing carbaminohemoglobin

Answer 27

CO2 loading in tissues

Question 28

formation of all blood cells

Answer 28

hematopoiesis

Question 29

stem cell that gives rise to all formed elements hormones and growth factors push stem cell toward specific pathway of blood cell development once cells are committed to a certain blood cell pathway, it cannot change

Answer 29

hematopoietic stem cells

Question 30

what are the stages of erythropoiesis?

Answer 30

hematopoietic stem cell myeloid stem cell proerythroblast basophilic erythroblasts polychromatic erythroblasts orthochromatic erythroblasts reticulocytes mature erythrocyte

Question 31

process of formation of RBCs that takes about 15 days

Answer 31

erythropoiesis

Question 32

transforms into myeloid stem cell

Answer 32

hematopoietic stem cell

Question 33

transforms into proerythroblast

Answer 33

myeloid stem cell

Question 34

divides many times, transforming into basophilic erythroblasts

Answer 34

proerythroblast

Question 35

synthesize many ribosomes

Answer 35

basophilic erythroblasts

Question 36

synthesize large amounts of red-hued hemoglobin

Answer 36

polychromatic erythroblasts

Question 37

contain mostly hemoglobin, so appear just pink; eject most organelles; nucleaus degrades, causing concave shape

Answer 37

orthochromatic erythroblasts

Question 38

still contain small amount of ribosomes, differentiation occurs in bloodstream

Answer 38

reticulocytes

Question 39

in 2 days, ribosomes degrade, transforming into mature RBC

Answer 39

mature erythrocyte

Question 40

too few RBCs lead to....

Answer 40

tissue hypoxia

Question 41

too many RBCs increase...

Answer 41

blood viscosity

Question 42

what does balance between RBC production a d destruction depend on?

Answer 42

hormonal controls dietary requirements

Question 43

hormone that stimulates formation of RBCs always small amount of EPO in blood to maintain basal rate mainly released by kidneys in response to hypoxia

Answer 43

erythropoietin (EPO)

Question 44

what are the causes of hypoxia that lead to formation of EPO?

Answer 44

decreased RBC numbers due to hemorrhage or increased destruction of RBCs insufficient hemoglobin per RBC reduced availability of O2

Question 45

what are the dietary requirements for erythropoiesis?

Answer 45

amino acids lipids carbohydrates iron vitamin B12

Question 46

stored in cells as ferritin and hemosiderin transported in blood bound to protein transferrin

Answer 46

free iron

Question 47

what are the lifespan of erythrocytes

Answer 47

100-120 days

Question 48

are the only formed element that are complete cells with nuclei and organelles make up <1% of total blood volume function in defense against disease

Answer 48

leukocytes

Question 49

WBC count over 11,000 per ul

Answer 49

leukocytosis

Question 50

what are the 2 major categories of leukocytes?

Answer 50

granulocytes agranulocytes

Question 51

what are the 3 types of granulocytes?

Answer 51

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

Question 52

larger and shorter-life than RBCs contain lobed nuclei cytoplasmic granules stain specifically with Wright's stain

Answer 52

granulocytes

Question 53

most numerous WBCs about twice the size of RBCs granules stain with both acid and basic dyes granules contain either hydrolytic enzymes or antimicrobial proteins very phagocytic referred to as "bacteria slayers" kill microbes by process called respiratory burst

Answer 53

neutrophils

Question 54

cell metabolizes oxygen to synthesizes potent oxidizing substances such as bleach or hydrogen peroxide

Answer 54

respiratory burst

Question 55

account for 2-4% of all leukocytes nucleus has 2 lobes connected by a broad band; resembles ear muffs red-staining granules digestive enzymes also play role in allergies and asthma as well as immune response modulators

Answer 55

eosinophils

Question 56

rarest WBCs, accounting for only 0.5-1% of leukocytes nucleus deep purple with one to two constrictions large, purpleish black granules contain histamine are functionally similar to mast cells

Answer 56

basophils

Question 57

inflammatory chemical that acts as vasodilator and attracts WBCs to inflamed sites

Answer 57

histamine

Question 58

lack visible cytoplasmic granules

Answer 58

agranulocytes

Question 59

what are the two types of agranulocytes?

Answer 59

lymphocytes and monocytes

Question 60

second most numerous WBC, accounts for 25% lrg, dark purple, circular nuclei with thin rim of blue cytoplasm mostly found in lymphoid tissue, but a few circulate in blood crucial to immunity

Answer 60

lymphocytes

Question 61

what are the two types of lymphocytes?

Answer 61

T lymphocytes B lymphocytes

Question 62

act against virus-infected cells and tumor cells

Answer 62

T lymphocytes

Question 63

give rise to plasma cells, which produce antibodies

Answer 63

B lymphocytes

Question 64

largest of all leukocytes abundant pale blue cytoplasm dark purple staining, U-or kidney-shaped nuclei leave circulation, enter tissues, and differentiate into macrophages activate lymphocytes to mount an immune response

Answer 64

monocytes

Question 65

production of WBCs are stimulated by two types of chemical messengers from red bone marrow and mature WBCs

Answer 65

leukopoiesis

Question 66

are numbered

Answer 66

interleukins

Question 67

are named for WBC type they stimulate

Answer 67

colony-stimulating factors

Question 68

what are the two pathways that a hemocytoblast stem cell can branch into?

Answer 68

lymphoid stem cells myeloid stem cells

Question 69

produces lymphocytes

Answer 69

lymphoid stem cells

Question 70

produce all other elements

Answer 70

myeloid stem cells

Question 71

what are the stages of production of a granulocyte?

Answer 71

myeloblasts promyelocytes myelocytes band cells mature granulocyte

Question 72

arise from myeloid line stem cells

Answer 72

myeloblasts

Question 73

accumulate lyosomes

Answer 73

promyelocytes

Question 74

cells accumulate granules and cell division stops

Answer 74

myelocytes

Question 75

nuclei form curved arc

Answer 75

band cells

Question 76

nuclei become segmented before being released in blood

Answer 76

mature granulocyte

Question 77

what is the production of a monocyte?

Answer 77

Monoblast ---> promonocyte ---> monocyte share common precursor with neutrophils can live for several months

Question 78

what is the production of a lymphocyte?

Answer 78

T lymphocyte precursors give rise to immature T lymphocytes that mature in thymus B lymphocyte precursors give rise to immature B lymphocytes that mature within bone marrow