OBEDIENCE

Question 1

What is authority?

Answer 1

When a person has right or power to give orders.

Question 2

What is obidience?

Answer 2

Obidience is when a person follows direct orders from a person who they feel has authority over them.

Question 3

describe how proximity of authority figure, affects obidience.

Answer 3

Proximity is a fancy word for closeness.
When the figure of authority is closer, its harder to disobey. Therefore the closer the authority figure is to us, the more likely we are to obey. And Vice-versa.

Question 4

Describe how proximity of victim affects obidience.

Answer 4

This simply means how close you are to the victim , and wether you see the onsequences of your actions through you own eyes. Seeing the consequences before you eyes, will decrease the liekhood of bidience.

Question 5

How does location affect obidience?

Answer 5

There are some locations where we are more likely to obey.

Question 6

How does uniform affect obidince?

Answer 6

People are more likely to obey aothoritative figures, wgen the authortive figures, wear a uniform, to indicate his level of authority.

Question 7

What is a person when he has ‘social hierarchy’?

Answer 7

When a person has more authprity over someone else in a social group, we say they have social hierarchy.

Question 8

Whta is legitimacy of authority?

Answer 8

We spend our whole life is social hierarchies. As a result, we group up with the idea that we have to respect and obey those with authority. We are also told not to question their authority. Inconclusion, we obey people that have authority over us, because we seee their authority as legitimate.

Question 9

What is the agency theory?

Answer 9

People can be given destructive orders by authoritive figures. They feel the need to obey the authority figure, but they also dont want to be responsible for horrible consequences. This is known as** moral strain.**

People will obey a fogure of authority, if they they thunk the authority figure will take responsability for the consequences.

We say the people have become Agents.This reduces moral strain, and makes us feel better.

Question 10

describe all the changes in processes in the agency theory.

Answer 10

When a person shifts responsability, and sees themselfes as and agent, we call this the agentic state.

When a person acts with their own free will, and takes responsability for their actions, we call this the autonomous state.

When a person moves from the autonomous state, to the agentic state, we call this the agentic shift.

Question 11

What is the authoritarian personality?

Answer 11

Firstly, it involves individual variables.

A person who trully believes in the social hierarchy. Obeys people which have higher power than them, and look down on people with less power. This is known as the authoritarian personality.

These people tend to be agressive, rigid and strict in their personality.

Question 12

How does having strict parents, lead to an authoritarian personality?

Answer 12

1. Makes children ask less questions.
2. Leaves children ti be frustrated and angry, because they have no freedom, they are too scared to express their anger to parents, because they will be punished, so instead, they take it out on people who cant punish them, (people which are lower in the social hierarchy, people which have LESS power than them).

Question 13

What is the F-scale?

Answer 13

It is a questionaire to see if someone has an authoritarian personality.

Question 14

What was the aim of Millgrams experiment?

Answer 14

To test if any individual could be made to go against their moral code, in order to obey.

Question 15

Describe Millgrams experiment.

Answer 15

1. Millgram recruited male participants, and he told them that he was conducting an experiment about learning and memory.So he was deceiving his participants.
2. Tge participants were met by an experimenter, wearing aw hite lab coat
3. each participant was introduced to a confederate.
4. The confederate would play the role of a learner, and the participants would play the role of a teacher.
5. the participants were told to administer an ekctric shock to everytime the learner gave the wrong answer ( They wre ein different rooms).
6. The electroahocks would range from 350V to 450V, and it was made ckear to them that 450 V could cause serious injury to another human being.
7. In reality, the learner (confederate), was not being shocked, and his answers were pre-recorded.
8. everytime a person would administer an electricschock, teh pre-recording would play, and it would sound as if the learner was in serious pain.
9. As the voltage increased, the pre-recording cries would get even worse.
10. At 330 volts, the learner would stop making any noises at all
11. Meanwhile, the experimenter kept on inistsing, and tell the participants to continue administering the elctric shocks, despite hearing that man horrible cries (prerecorded).

Question 16

What were the findings of Millgram?

Answer 16

**65% **of participants went all the way up to the maximum of 45 Volts.

**100% **of participants went up to 300V, which is still a very high voltage.

Therefore, people arent necesary evil, we sometimes, simply obey authoritive figures.

Question 17

describe Millgrams experiment when investigating proximity of victim.

Answer 17

Millgram changed the experiment, so that the teacher would see the the learner receive the elctric shock. Obidience decreased fro 65% to 40%.

Question 18

describe Millgrams experiment when investigating location

Answer 18

he decided to perform his experiment, at a run down office, conformity decreased from 65%, all the way down to 47.5%.

This is because, a person is believed to have a more legitimate authority at a certain location that has a higher status. For example at a laboratory,or at a run down office.

Question 19

describe Millgrams experiment when investigating proximity of authority.

Answer 19

Millgram decided to put the experimenter in. different room. and speak to the teachers (participants), theough the phone. Obidience rate went from 65%, all the way down to 23%.

Question 20

describe Millgrams experiment when investigating uniform.

Answer 20

This time, the experimenter was dressed in regular clothes, rather than a lab coat. Obidience rate went from 65%, to 20%.

Question 21

why is it a strength that millgrams experiment was a laboratory experiment?

Answer 21

One advantage of his experiment, was that it was done in a laboratory, this is good, because millgram had more control over extraneous variables, and could easily establish a cause and effect relationship, thus improving the reliability of the results. However, the experiment lacked ecological validity, mwaning that it was hard to generalise the findings to the real world, because a laboratory is very different from the real world, and people might behave differently.

Question 22

How did Millgrams experiment suffer of demand charactreistics?

Answer 22

people might not have believed that they arent actually administering electroshocks,. so they just thought they would just go along with the experimenter. So they might not have experienced any moral strain whasover, and just do what they think they are supposed to do. However, some participants looked as if they totally felt bad, and showed signs of distress when administering electric shocks, therefore, this prooves that the learners did actuallt believe it was real.

Question 23

How did Millgrams experiment suffer of androcentric bias

Answer 23

Millgram recruited only american, white man. This means that it would have been hard to generalise the findings to woman, or other races, or cultures.

Question 24

Describe why millgrams experiment was unethical.

Answer 24

1. Psychological harm: He made people believe that they gave electric shocks to an innocent person, until he was in a huge ammount of pain. This made the participants feel pretty bad, evidence shows that participants shwed signs of distress, and some of them even had a seizure. However, only 2% of participants said they regretted the experiment.

2.Deception: The participants didnt know what they are signing up for. He told them it was a study of learning and memory, when it was actually a study investigating obidience. However, deception is mandatory for the experiment to work, if participants knew what millgram was investigating, they would then not act realisticly.

3.Didnt have right to withdraw:When some participants wanted to stop, the experimenter kept on telling them to continue, and kept on insisting, despite the participants showing distress, and wanting to stop. However, Millgrams response was that he paied them before the experiment, and argued that 35% of them, did withdraw.

Question 25

What role did legitimacy of authority theory have in millgrams experiment.

Answer 25

His experiment indicates that when we believe the authority figure is legitimate, we are more likely to obey a persons orders. This is shown by the two variables known as location, and uniform. In both of thos variables, people conformed more. However, only 65% of participants obeyed, the rest 35% didnt. Therefore, legitimacy of authority, doesnt work on everyone.

Question 26

How does millgrams experiment, proove the agency theory?

Answer 26

the people were given moral strain when administering the shocks. They did show signs of distress, some of them sweated and cried.

Question 27

How does Millgrams experiment explain the authoritarian personality?

Answer 27

Millgrams experiment prooves this theory, because 65% of participants went all the eay up to 450 V, and 35% went up to 300V. This prooves that some people can obey more than other people.