Science and features of science

Question 1

What is meant by the term cause and. effect?

Answer 1

when on thing causes another, then they have a cause and effect relationship.

Question 2

what are the 5 stages of the scientific process, in order?

Answer 2

1. aim
2. hypothesis
3. method
4. result
5. conclusion.

Question 3

What is the aim?

Answer 3

The reason to carry out the experiment.

Aims will always start with to determine, or to investigate.

Question 4

what is the hypothesis?

Answer 4

when someone makes a prediction about how an experiment is going to turn out.

Question 5

What are the dependant and independant variable in an experiment?

Answer 5

IV: The thing we change.
DV: The thing we measure.

Question 6

what is an experiment?

Answer 6

An experiment has at least two levels of the IV, which help us establish a cause and effect relationship.

Question 7

what is operationalisation?

Answer 7

all of the variables need to be operationalised, which means how the variable is going to be measured.

something that can be measured in numbers.

Question 8

what is the method?

Answer 8

Detailed description of what the researcher actually did in a study.

The exact procedure.

Question 9

what is the results?

Answer 9

changes observed in the experiment.

Question 10

what is the conclusion?

Answer 10

interpretation of the results( weather the results match the hypothesis or not, if foesnt match, hypothesis can be adjusted)

Question 11

What are the 7 key features of science?

Answer 11

Hypothesis testing, empirical evidence, falsifiability, replicability, control, and objectivity.

Question 12

what is hypothesis testing?

Answer 12

Test if the hypothesis matched our conclusion, if not, we might need to adjust it.

Question 13

what is empirical evidence?

Answer 13

when information is collected through direct observation, we call it empirical evidence

The hypothesis is tested using empirical evidence.

Question 14

What is falsifiability?

Answer 14

When it is possible to proove the hypothesis wrong, we say it is falsifiable.

clarifier: If I say that i live in a simulation, then then the hypothesis canniot be prooven wrong, therefore, it is non-falsifiable.

Question 15

What is replicability?

Answer 15

when a researcher repeats the same study, we say they are replicating the study

Question 16

What is a replicable study?

Answer 16

When a study gets the same results again, we say it is replicable.

Question 17

what do we mean by replicating a study?

Answer 17

repeating a study, in order to re-test the hypothesis, even after a conclusion has been made.

Question 18

what is the control group?

Answer 18

The level of the IV, where the researcher isnt manipulating anything.

Question 19

What is the experimental group?

Answer 19

The level of the IV, which the researcher has manipulated.

Question 20

what is an extraneous variable?

Answer 20

Something else apart from the IV, which affects the DV.

Question 21

What do we mean by control over extraneous variables?

Answer 21

When a researcher prevent extranoeus variables from affecting the studies results.

Question 22

What is a confounding variable?

Answer 22

it is a form of the extraneous variable, and it means that it varies acording to the level of the IV.

Question 23

What is objectivity?

Answer 23

Researchers should always be objective, and not allow personal bias to affect the experiment.

Question 24

What is meant by the term personal bias?

Answer 24

when researchers have preferances about which results they want, we say they have personal bias.