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Biochem > Nutrition: Vitamins and Minerals > Flashcards

Nutrition: Vitamins and Minerals Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two water soluble vitamins?

A

b and c

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2
Q

Water soluble vitamins are excreted once concentration surpasses the ____ ____

A

renal threshold

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3
Q

Metabolic stores labile, depletion occurs in weeks or months. Deficiencies show up quickly on inadequate diet. True or false?

A

true

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4
Q

B-complex and vitamin c are not stored in the body and must be replaced everyday. True or false?

A

true

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5
Q

Thiamin (B1) is is rapidly converted to ____ ____ and ____ ____

A

thiamine pyrophosphate; thymine triphosphate

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6
Q

A symptom of thiamine deficiency is loss of appetite, constipation, nausea, mental depression, fatigue - this set of symptoms is referred to as ____-____ syndrome

A

Wernicke-Korsakoff

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7
Q

Severe thiamin deficiency leads to beriberi disease. What type of population is this seen with?

A

population that rely on polished rice and alcoholics

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8
Q

Dry beriberi can cause ____ ____ and it is considered wet beriberi when coupled with _____

A

muscular dystrophy; edema

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9
Q

Both forms of beriberi lead to ___ failure

A

heart

note: coffee and tea destroy thiamin

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10
Q

Riboflavin (B2) is a recourse of ____ and ____ - both are coenzymes

A

FAD; FMN

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11
Q

Riboflavin is required for ___ mobilization so deficiency contributes to anemia

A

iron

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12
Q

Symptoms of Riboflavin deficiency include?

A

scaly dermatitits, glossitis

note: chronic alcoholism can lead to deficiency

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13
Q

_____ slows conversion of riboflavin to FMN and FAD

A

hypothyroidism

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14
Q

Niacin (B3) is not a vitamin in strict sense - it can be synthesized from ____

A

Trp

60 mg Trp -> 1 mg Niacin….. not very efficient

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15
Q

What does Trp require to synthesize Niacin?

A

pyridoxine, riboflavin, and iron

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16
Q

Dietary niacin and niacinamide are converted to ___ and ___

A

NAD; NADP

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17
Q

Deficiency of Niacin causes ____ of tongue

A

glossitis (redness)

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18
Q

The disease associated with Niacin deficiency is pellagra. What three D’s are seen with pellagra?

A

dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia

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19
Q

Pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, and pyridoxal are naturally occurring forms of vitamin ___

A

B6

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20
Q

Pyridoxine is required for the synthesis of what NTs?

A

serotonin, NE, Epi, GABA

note: also required for myelin formation

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21
Q

Deficiency of pyridoxine causes what symptoms?

A

irritability, nervousness, and depression in mild deficiency

convulsions in severe deficiency

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22
Q

____ is covalently bound to an amino group of lysine residue in carboxylase of pyruvate, acetyl-CoA, and propionyl-CoA

A

biotin

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23
Q

Where is biotin found and synthesized?

A

found in peanuts, chocolate, and egg

synthesized by intestinal bacteria

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24
Q

Folic acid in diet usually occurs as _____ derivatives with 2 to 7 ___ acid residues joined in gamma-peptide linkages

A

polyglutamate; glutamic

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25
Q

What enzyme removes extra glutamate in the intestine?

A

folypoly-gamma- glutamate carboxylase II

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26
Q

The monoglutaminated folic acid is taken up by reduced folate carrier into what cells?

A

intestinal mucosa

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27
Q

Folate deficiency inhibits what?

A

DNA synthesis by decreasing availability of purine

note: neural tube birth defects, cervical and colon cancer

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28
Q

Vitamin B12 contains ___ and its derivatives

A

B12

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29
Q

B12 deficiency results in accumulation of both ____ and ____ acid

A

homocysteine; methylmalonic

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30
Q

In foods, B12 is bound to proteins in the ____ or ____ form

A

methyl; 5’-deoxyadenosyl

note: must be released from protein by hydrolysis in the stomach or trypsin digestion in the intestine

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31
Q

A Cobalamin (B12) deficiency causes what?

A

pernicious anemia with neurological deterioration caused by demyelination of nervous tissue

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32
Q

Vitamin C is a cofactor for oxidases involved in what?

A

hydroxylation of lysine and proline, synthesis of carnitine, and NE

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33
Q

Hydroxylation of Lys and Pro is required for ____ to cross-link properly

A

procollagen

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34
Q

Vitamin C is required for maintenance of normal CT and for wound healing, and bone formation. true or false?

A

true

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35
Q

Ascorbic acid-water soluble vitamins (vitamin C), when dysfunctional, cause the most severe symptoms of ____

A

scurvy

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36
Q

____ may act as an antioxidant against oxidative stress

A

ascorbate

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37
Q

How does scurvy present?

A

formation of brown spots on skin, spongy gums, and bleeding from all mucous membranes

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38
Q

What is the time from for onset of scurvy symptoms?

A

1-6 months depending on vitamin C storage level in body to begin with

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39
Q

Ascorbic acid is required for a range of essential metabolic reactions and is absorbed by both ____ ____ and ____ diffusion

A

active transport; simple

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40
Q

Without ____ ____, gums would bleed because blood vessels need collagen and teeth would fall because they depend on collagen for their attachment to the gingiva

A

ascorbic acid

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41
Q

What are the fat soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamins A, D, E, and K

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42
Q

Retinol, retinal, and retinoid acid are the active forms of vitamin ___

A

A

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43
Q

Precursors of vitamin A are synthesized by plants as ____, some are cleaved to retinol and stored in the liver as ___ ____

A

carotenoids; retinol palmitate

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44
Q

Liver, yolk, butter, and milk are good sources of ___; ____ are found in dark green and yellow veggies

A

retinol; carotenoids

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45
Q

At low oxygen tensions, ___-___ is very effective antioxidant against cancers initiated by free radicals

A

beta-carotene

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46
Q

In addition to direct role of vitamin A in visual cycle, carotenoids lutein and zeaxanthin reduce the risk of ___ ____

A

macular degeneration

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47
Q

Retinyl phosphate is required for synthesis of glycoproteins. This is an important component of ___

A

mucus

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48
Q

Retinol and/or retinoid acid down regulate the synthesis of ___

A

keratin

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49
Q

Retinol and/or retinoid acid are required for the synthesis of iron transport protein ___

A

transferrin

note: thus vitamin A deficiency can lead to anemia

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50
Q

Night blindness is an early symptom of vitamin ___ deficiency

A

A

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51
Q

Severe deficiency of vitamin A leads to progressive keratinizaiton of the cornea, known as ____

A

xerophthalmia

52
Q

Vitamin A accumulates in the liver where it can become toxic. What are some of the symptoms?

A

bone pain, scaly dermatitis, enlargement of liver and spleen, nausea, and diarrhea

53
Q

Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble vitamin responsible for enhancing what?

A

intestinal absorption of calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphate, and zinc

note: D2 and D3 are most important

54
Q

Vitamin D is synthesized in the skin from ___ from sun

A

cholesterol

55
Q

In the liver, D3 is converted to ____; D2 is converted to ____

A

calcidiol; 25-hydroxyvitamin D2

56
Q

Part of the calcidiol is converted by the kidneys to ___, the biologically active form of vitamin D

A

calcitriol

57
Q

Calcitriol circulates as a hormone in the blood, regulating what?

A

concentration of calcium and phosphate in the blood stream and promoting the healthy growth and remodeling of bone

58
Q

Insufficient sun exposure causes ____ which is softening of the bones

A

osteomalacia (rickets in children)

note: can be from deficiency in calcium, phosphorus, or vitamin D

59
Q

Vitamin D toxicity causes hypercalcemia. What are the main symptoms?

A

anoxrexia, nausea, vomitting, weakness, renal failure

note: mental retardation can be seen in young children along with abnormal bone growth

60
Q

___ is the continued formation of osteoid matrix and cartilage that are improperly mineralized resulting in soft liable bones. ____ is demineralization of preexisting bones

A

Rickets; osteomalacia

61
Q

In regards to osteomalacia and osteoporosis, osteoid matrix remians intact in ___ but not in _____

A

osteomalacia; osteoporosis

62
Q

Vitamin E occurs as tocopherols and tocotrienols, which are ____

A

antioxidants

63
Q

alpha-tocopherol is potent against what?

A

ROS

64
Q

gamma-tocopherol is potent against what?

A

Reactive nitrogen species

65
Q

Tocopherols and tocotrienols also prevent oxidation of LDL which does what?

A

reduces risk of cardiovascular disease

66
Q

In regards to Vitamin E deficiency, what type of symptoms can occur with prolonged deficiency associated with malabsorption disease

A

neurological

67
Q

True or false? Vitamin E can act as an anticoagulant, increasing the risk of bleeding problems.

A

true

68
Q

In combination with certain drugs such as ___, hypervitaminosis E can be life-threatening. It may also counteract vitamin ___, leading to a deficiency

A

aspirin; K

69
Q

Vitamin K occurs as K1 in ___ vegetables and K2 in ____ bacteria

A

green; intestinal

70
Q

Vitamin K is required for the conversion of ____ acid to __-___ acid

A

glutamic; gamma-carboxyglutamic

71
Q

gamma-carboxyglutamic acid residues are good ___ and allow the proteins to bind ___ required for their biological activity

A

chelators; Ca2+

72
Q

In carboxylase reactions, the active hydroquinone form of vitamin K is converted to what?

A

inactive 2,3 epoxide form

note: regeneration requires K epoxide reductase

73
Q

Vitamin K is essential in blood ___

A

coagulation

note: this is why deficiency causes increased coagulation time

74
Q

Where do vitamin K1 and K2 accumulate?

A

K1: liver
K2: peripheral tissues

75
Q

The most common vitamin K deficiency occurs in which individuals

A

newborn infants and in patients with obstructive jaundice and diseases leading to malabsorption and long-term antibiotic therapy

76
Q

This is the most abundant mineral in the body. Mostly in bone, small amount outside of bone functions in a variety of essential processes

A

Ca2+

77
Q

Low serum Ca2+ stimulates formation of what?

A

1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol - enhances intestinal Ca2+ absorption

78
Q

Vitamin __ is required for optimal utilization of calcium

A

D

79
Q

True or false? exercise facilitates calcium utilization for bone formation

A

true

80
Q

Symptoms of Ca2+ deficiency resemble those of vitamin __ deficiency

A

D

81
Q

Bone density reaches its maximum between what years?

A

10-35

82
Q

This mineral is required for many enzyme activities, particularly those utilizing an ATP complex and for neuromuscular transmission. This mineral is significantly reduced during processing of food items.

A

Magnesium

83
Q

Deficiency of Mg2+ occurs in _____, with use of certain diuretics and metabolic acidosis

A

alcoholism

84
Q

The main symptoms of Mg2+ deficiency are what?

A

weakness, tremors, and cardiac arrhythmia

85
Q

Supplemental Mg2+ can help prevent formation of calcium oxalate ___ in the kidney

A

stones

86
Q

Iron is a component of ___ in hemoglobin and myoglobin, which are essential for O2 transport

A

heme

87
Q

Total body iron in human adults is __-__ g. Erythrocytes normally live only ____ days; meaning erythrocytes containing 20 mg of iron are destroyed each day

A

3-4; 120

88
Q

The net loss of iron for males and postmenopausal women is shedding of intestinal and skin cells, which amounts to about __-__ mg/day

A

1-2

89
Q

Assuming a 10-15% efficiency of Iron absorption, an RDA of ___ mg/day for normal adult males and ___ mg/day for menstruating females has been set. For pregnant females, it is ___ mg/day

A

8; 18; 27

90
Q

Patients develop ____ degeneration and ___ due to increased iron in the pancreas and brain

A

retinal; diabetes

91
Q

_____ is primarily a genetic disease of iron overload. Patients with this disease develop iron deposits in the liver, heart, and endocrine tissue even though they have normal intakes of dietary iron.

A

hemochromatosis

92
Q

Treatment for hemochromatosis consists of regular ___, which is effective at preventing the symptoms of hemochromatosis if started early enough. People with hemochromatosis are also advised to avoid foods and supplements containing high levels of iron or vitamin ___

A

phlebotomy; C

93
Q

There are a number of clinical tests that can be used to determine iron status. What is the normal range for males and females for hemoglobin?

A

males: 13.8-17.2 gm/dl
females: 12.1-15.1 gm/dl

94
Q

What is the normal hematocrit range for males and females?

A

males: 36.1-44.3%
females: 40.7-50.3%

note: hematocrit is % of RBCs found in whole blood

95
Q

Iron-deficiency anemia is characterized as _____ _____ anemia, meaning that the RBCs are smaller and paler than normal due to their decreased hemoglobin content

A

microcytic hypochromic

96
Q

Dietary iodine is efficiently absorbed and transported to the ___ gland

A

thyroid

97
Q

Thyroid hormones function in regulating what?

A

basal metabolic rate of adults and the growth and development of children

98
Q

____ fish are the best natural food sources of iodine and in the past population groups living in inland areas suffered from the endemic deficiency disease called ___

A

saltwater; goiter

99
Q

____ is part of the catalytic center of over 300 metalloenzymes, including RNA and DNA poly

A

zinc

100
Q

Zinc fingers provide what to proteins?

A

structural stability and are also important for protein-protien interactions (signal transduction)

101
Q

Relatively large amounts of loosely bound zinc are also found in vesicular structures including?

A

synaptic vesicles of nerve terminals and cells of islets of langerhans

102
Q

Intracellular zinc levels are controlled in part by a group of 14 transporters called ____ which transport zinc into cells and 10 transporters called ____ which control the efflux of zinc from the cytosol to extracellular space

A

ZIPs; ZnTs

103
Q

Zinc deficiency in children is usually marked by what?

A

poor growth and impairment of sexual development; also poor wound healing and dermatitis

104
Q

Zinc is present in ____, a salivary polypeptide that appears to be necessary for normal development of taste buds

A

gustin

105
Q

Zinc is required for ___ production by monocytes and T cells

A

cytokine

106
Q

In lead poisoning, lead replaces the zinc which leads to ____

A

anemia

107
Q

Severe zinc deficiency is seen primarily in ____ patients with chronic renal disease

A

alcoholic

108
Q

The most characteristic early symptom of zinc-deficient patients on long term parenteral nutrition (TPN) is ___

A

dermatitis

109
Q

Ceruloplasmin and hephaestin are important copper-containing enzymes that do what?

A

oxidize iron to facilitate its binding to transferrin

110
Q

Dopamine beta-hydroxylase is an important copper-containing enzyme that does what?

A

NE synthesis

111
Q

Lysyl oxidase is an important copper-containing enzyme that does what?

A

collagen cross-linking

112
Q

Tyrosinase is an important copper-containing enzyme that does what?

A

pigment formation

113
Q

anemia, hypercholesterolemia, demineralization of bones, leukopenia, fragility of large arteries, and demyelination of neural tissue are all symptoms of what?

A

copper deficiency

114
Q

Copper deficiency is relatively rare and is usually only seen because of excess ___ intake

A

zinc - zinc and copper compete for absorption

115
Q

____ disease is an x-linked disorder characterized by global copper deficiency

A

Menkes

116
Q

What mutation causes Menkes disease?

A

ATP7A copper transporter - interferes with the ability of intestinal mucosal cells to transport copper into the bloodstream

117
Q

What are the symptoms of Menkes disease?

A

mental retardation, growth retardation, hypothermia, loos skin and joints, hypo pigmentation, and kinky hair

118
Q

____ disease is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by copper overload, particularly in the liver and the brain

A

Wilson

119
Q

What mutation causes wilson’s disease?

A

ATP7B copper transporter that prevents the liver and neurological tissue from getting rid of excess copper

120
Q

What are the signs of Wilson’s disease?

A

liver failure, seizures, psychiatric symptoms, characteristic gold-brown ring called the Kayser-Fleischer ring around the periphery of the cornea

121
Q

____ is a component of the low-molecular-weight protein chromodulin which potentiates the effects of insulin by facilitating insulin binding to its receptor and receptor kinase signaling

A

chromium

122
Q

The chief symptom of chromium deficiency is what?

A

impaired glucose tolerance, a result of decreased insulin effectiveness

123
Q

Selenium is one of the few nutrients not removed by the milling of flour and is usually though to be present in adequate amounts in the diet. True or false?

A

true

124
Q

Selenium supplementation may reduce the risk of what cancers?

A

lung, breast, and bladder

125
Q

____ is a component of arginase, glutamine synthetase, Mn superoxide dismutase, and phosphoenylpyruvate decarbyxlase and activates a number of other enzymes

A

mangansese

126
Q

______ is present in xanthine oxidase

A

molybdenum

127
Q

____ appears to be important for bone formation, nerve function, and immune response

A

boron

Biochem (38 decks)

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