Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

Carbohydrates are broken down into ____ (glucose, galactose), which are then absorbed by intestinal lining by ___ ____

A

monosaccharides; facilitated diffusion

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2
Q

When your body intakes carbs and fats and breaks them down to form ATP, what are the chemical waste products?

A

CO2, H2O

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3
Q

Where does glycolysis occur in the cell?

A

cytosol

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4
Q

Name the requirements of glycolysis and also the products

A

requirements: Glucose, 2 Pi, 2 ADP, 2 NAD+
products: 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH, 2H, 2H2O

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5
Q

In glycolysis, one glucose molecule is covered to ___ pyruvate molecules

A

2

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6
Q

Glycolysis is the only pathway to produce ATP without ____

A

oxygen

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7
Q

Availability of glucose for glycolysis is controlled by transport into the cell, which is regulated by _____

A

insulin

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8
Q

Glucokinase and Hexokinase can both catalyze the first step of glycolysis. Name the differences between them in regards to location, affinity, and inhibition by G-6-P

A

Glucokinase: liver and kidney; low affinity; not inhibited

Hexokinase: all tissues; high affinity; inhibited

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9
Q

True or false? The function of glucokinase is to remove glucose from the blood following a meal, while hexokinase acts at a constant rate

A

true

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10
Q

What is the key regulatory step of glycolysis and also the committed step?

A

F-6-P to F-1,6-BP

enzyme is phosphofructokinase

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11
Q

In the 6th step of glycolysis, G-3-P to 1,3-BPG, NAD+ must be regenerated for glycolysis to continue. True or false?

A

True

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12
Q

1,3-BPG is the source of 2,3-BPG in ____

A

erythrocyte

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13
Q

Enolase is inhibited by ____

A

fluoride

note: for estimation, blood sample is collected in tubes containing fluoride to inhibit glycolysis

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14
Q

After glycolysis has finished, what determines which of the two pathways is followed (aerobic or anaerobic)?

A

redox state of tissue

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15
Q

In aerobic glycolysis, pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA in the ___ for the TCA cycle

A

mitochondria

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16
Q

The oxidation of acetyl-CoA by the TCA will account for additional ___ molecules of ATP per glucose molecule

17
Q

Under aerobic conditions, NADH produced may be effectively reoxidized by the mitochondria through the “____ ____”

A

shuttle system

18
Q

In regards to anaerobic glycolysis, what enzyme is used to regret NAD+?

A

lactate dehydrogenase

19
Q

The NAD+ must be regenerated for glycolysis to continue. Since NADH cannot cross mitochondrial membrane, the reducing equivalents from the NADH formed in glycolysis are taken up into mitochondria for oxidation by ____ mechanism

20
Q

List the steps of glycolysis that use ATP and produce ATP

A
Use ATP: 
glucose to G-6-P = -1 ATP
F-6-P to F-1,6,-BP = -1 ATP
                                ------------
                                  -2 ATP

Produce ATP:
Glycerate-1,3-BP to 3-P-glycerate = + 2 ATP
PEP to pyruvate = +2ATP
————
+4 ATP

net gain: 2 ATP

21
Q

Regulation of glycolysis is controlled primarily by three enzymes: hexokinase, PFK-1, and pyruvate kinase. Give the activator and inhibitor of hexokinase

A

Activator: none

inhibitor: G-6-P, ATP

22
Q

Regulation of glycolysis is controlled primarily by three enzymes: hexokinase, PFK-1, and pyruvate kinase. Give the activator and inhibitor of PFK-1

A

activator: F-2,6-bP, AMP
inhibitor: Citrate, ATP

23
Q

Regulation of glycolysis is controlled primarily by three enzymes: hexokinase, PFK-1, and pyruvate kinase. Give the activator and inhibitor of Pyruvate kinase

A

activator: F-2,6-bP, AMP
inhibitor: Acetyl-CoA, ATP

24
Q

In regards to the bisphosphoglycerate pathway in erythrocytes, bisphosphoglycerate mutase forms 2-3 BPG which binds to ___, decreasing its affinity for ___

25
Q

In liver, kidney, and intestine, fructokinase phosphorylates fructose to fructose-1-phosphate. Diabetic patients can clear fructose because they are not affected by ____

26
Q

Galctosemia is the result of a lack of what enzyme?

A

galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase

27
Q

Fructose, Galactose, and Mannose enter the ____ pathway for metabolism

A

glycolytic