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Complex Lipid Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Free fatty acids are a major component of membranes. True or false?

A

false; minor component

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2
Q

Fatty acids are ___ ___ acids

A

aliphatic carboxylic

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3
Q

Describe aliphatic carboxylic acids

A

generally long, unbranched, even number of carbon chains, length is usually 12 - 24, saturated FAs

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4
Q

Saturated fatty acids contain no C=C double bonds. True or false?

A

true

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5
Q

T C=C double bonds found in nature are what orientation

A

cis

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6
Q

In regards to major complex lipids, Triacylgycerols (TAG) have 3 acyl groups in ___ linkage to a molecule of glycerol

A

ester

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7
Q

In regards to TAG, the storage of fatty acids is primarily in ___ tissue but also found as lipid droplets in many cell types

A

adipose

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8
Q

Phosphoglycerides (phospholipid) have a glycerol backbone. Describe this backbone.

A

two fatty acid molecules attached in ester linkage and a phosphate on the third hydroxyl glycerol. The phosphate is usually esterfied to another alcohol

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9
Q

Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phospatidylinositol, and cardiolipin are all what?

A

phospholipids

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10
Q

Plasmalogens are an alkyl alcohol attached via an ___ linkage on position ___ of the glycerol

A

ether; 1

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11
Q

True or false? there may be plasmalogen forms of PC

A

true

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12
Q

Where are plasmalogens synthesized?

A

peroxisomes

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13
Q

This is a phospholipid that does not contain glycerol

A

sphingomyelin

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14
Q

Sphingomyelin is synthesized from what?

A

amino alcohol spingosine

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15
Q

Glycosphingolipids (not phospholipids) are composed of what?

A

sphingosine, a fatty acid, and one or more carbohydrate or carbohydrate derived structure

note: a sphingosine plus a fatty acid is called a ceramide

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16
Q

Galactosyl ceramide is an example of what?

A

glycosphingolipid

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17
Q

Addition of more carbohydrates and sialic acid to produces more complex glycosphingolipids known as ____

A

gangliosides

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18
Q

Synthesis of both TAG and phoshoglycerolipids require what?

A

glycerol-3-phosphate

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19
Q

In regards to TAG synthesis, what two sources is glycerol-3-phosphate derived from?

A
  1. dihydroxyacetone phosphate (glycolytic intermediate)

2. the liver and intestine can obtain it directly from glycerol

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20
Q

In regards to TAG synthesis, the enzyme glycerol kinase is expressed primarily in ___ and ___

A

liver; intestine

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21
Q

____ acid is a common intermediate in the synthesis of TAG and phospholipid

A

phosphatidic

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22
Q

TAG synthesis occurs in most tissue, but is most active in ___, ____, and ____

A

liver; adipose; intestine

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23
Q

True or false? In regards to TAG synthesis, all tissues can utilize the phosphatidic acid pathway

A

true

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24
Q

In the phosphatidic acid pathway, what happens to phosphatidic acid

A

it is dephosphorylated and a third acyl group is added

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25
In regards to TAG synthesis, this pathway occurs only in the intestinal mucosa
monoacylglycerol pathway
26
In regards to TAG synthesis - specifically, the monoacylglycerol pathway, MAGs are absorbed from where?
from digestive products in the gut
27
TAG produced in the ___ may include fatty acyls from the diet, or produced from excess carbohydrate and protein
liver
28
TAG produced in the liver will be packed for secretion as ____
VLDL
29
True or false? Most of fatty acid synthesis occurs in adipose tissue
false; very little
30
The TAGs produced in adipose will be stored as __ ___
lipid droplets
31
Fatty acids in the intestinal mucosa are from where?
the diet
32
TAGs in the intestinal mucosa are packaged as ____ for distribution
chylomicrons
33
Muscle cells obtain their fatty acids from the TAG circulating from ___ and from ___
diet; liver
34
TAGs are stored as __ ___ in muscle cells
lipid droplets
35
In regards to phospholipid synthesis, all tissues except mature ___ ___ cells synthesize phospholipids
red blood
36
In regards to phospholipid synthesis, specifically synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, choline is activated by ______ followed by addition of ___ from ___
phosphorylation; CMP; CTP
37
In regards to phospholipid synthesis, specifically synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine, the CDP-choline is added to what?
1,2-diacylglycerol
38
In regards to phospholipid synthesis, phsophatidylserine is produced primarily by exchanging ___ for the ___ of PE
serine; ethanolamine
39
In regards to phospholipid synthesis, specifically the synthesis of phosphotidylinositol and cardiolipin, phosphatidic acid has to be "activated" by formation of ___-___
CDP-diaglycerol
40
In regards to phospholipid synthesis, specifically Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, is secreted by certain types of ___ cells as the major lipid component of ___ ___
lung; lung surfactant
41
Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine is found in the extracellular fluid lining the ____
alveoli
42
Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine is composed of ___% lipids, and ____% proteins
90; 10
43
Surfactant decrease the surface tension, reducing the pressure needed to do what?
reinstall the alveoli
44
Reduced ability to synthesize and/or secrete surfactant is associated with what?
respiratory distress in premature infants
45
This is a special glycerol ether phospholipid formed by blood cells
Platelet activating factor
46
In regards to phospholipid synthesis, specifically platelet activating factor, induces platelet aggregation at ___ concentrations
low
47
In regards to phospholipid synthesis, Sphingomyelin is formed from what two things?
palmitoyl-CoA and Serine
48
Sphingosine + fatty acyl in amide linkage = ?
ceramide
49
In regards to glycosphingolipids, a ceramide + one carbohydrate residues is called what?
cerebroside ex: galctoceramide, glucosylceramide
50
In regards to glycosphingolipids, a ceamide + 2 or more carbohydrates is called what?
globoside
51
In regards to glycosphingolipids, gangliosides contain a globoside and one or more molecules of a ___ acid
sialic
52
Phospholipase A2 is secreted by the ___ as a digestive enzyme
pancreas note: also found in snake venom; Phospholipase C and D are signaling components
53
In regards to turnover of gangliosides, these are specific lysosomal enzymes involved in the catabolism of sphingolipids
sphingolipidoses
54
Genetic deficiency of any sphingolipidoses causes what?
sphingolipidosis (accumulation of specific lipid)
55
Tay-Sachs disease is caused by a deficiency in what?
B-hexosaminidase A note: causes accumulation of Gm2
56
In regards to turnover of gangliosides, What are the symptoms of Tay-Sachs disease?
rapid, progressive and fatal neurodegeneration; blindness; cherry-red macula; muscular weakness; seizures
57
In regards to turnover of ganliosides, Gaucher is found in 1/1000 Ashkenazi Jewish Persons. It is caused by a deficiency in what?
glucocerbrosidase note: causes accumulation of glucocerbroside
58
What are the symptoms of Gaucher?
hepatosplenomegaly, osteoporosis of long bones, severe neurological signs
59
Phosphatidylethanolamine is a ____
plasmalogen
60
Phospholipase A1 hydrolyzes what bond in a phospholipid?
O - C - R1 | ^
61
Phospholipase A2 hydrolyzes what bond in a phospholipid?
R2 - C - O | ^
62
Phospholipase B hydrolyzes what bond in a phospholipid?
same as both A1 and A2
63
Phospholipase C hydrolyzes what bond in a phospholipid?
O - P - O - N base | ^
64
Phospholipase D hydrolyzes what bond in a phospholipid?
O - P - O - N base | ^

Biochem (38 decks)

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