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Biochem > Complex Lipid Metabolism > Flashcards

Complex Lipid Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

Free fatty acids are a major component of membranes. True or false?

A

false; minor component

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2
Q

Fatty acids are ___ ___ acids

A

aliphatic carboxylic

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3
Q

Describe aliphatic carboxylic acids

A

generally long, unbranched, even number of carbon chains, length is usually 12 - 24, saturated FAs

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4
Q

Saturated fatty acids contain no C=C double bonds. True or false?

A

true

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5
Q

T C=C double bonds found in nature are what orientation

A

cis

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6
Q

In regards to major complex lipids, Triacylgycerols (TAG) have 3 acyl groups in ___ linkage to a molecule of glycerol

A

ester

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7
Q

In regards to TAG, the storage of fatty acids is primarily in ___ tissue but also found as lipid droplets in many cell types

A

adipose

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8
Q

Phosphoglycerides (phospholipid) have a glycerol backbone. Describe this backbone.

A

two fatty acid molecules attached in ester linkage and a phosphate on the third hydroxyl glycerol. The phosphate is usually esterfied to another alcohol

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9
Q

Phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, phospatidylinositol, and cardiolipin are all what?

A

phospholipids

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10
Q

Plasmalogens are an alkyl alcohol attached via an ___ linkage on position ___ of the glycerol

A

ether; 1

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11
Q

True or false? there may be plasmalogen forms of PC

A

true

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12
Q

Where are plasmalogens synthesized?

A

peroxisomes

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13
Q

This is a phospholipid that does not contain glycerol

A

sphingomyelin

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14
Q

Sphingomyelin is synthesized from what?

A

amino alcohol spingosine

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15
Q

Glycosphingolipids (not phospholipids) are composed of what?

A

sphingosine, a fatty acid, and one or more carbohydrate or carbohydrate derived structure

note: a sphingosine plus a fatty acid is called a ceramide

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16
Q

Galactosyl ceramide is an example of what?

A

glycosphingolipid

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17
Q

Addition of more carbohydrates and sialic acid to produces more complex glycosphingolipids known as ____

A

gangliosides

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18
Q

Synthesis of both TAG and phoshoglycerolipids require what?

A

glycerol-3-phosphate

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19
Q

In regards to TAG synthesis, what two sources is glycerol-3-phosphate derived from?

A
  1. dihydroxyacetone phosphate (glycolytic intermediate)

2. the liver and intestine can obtain it directly from glycerol

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20
Q

In regards to TAG synthesis, the enzyme glycerol kinase is expressed primarily in ___ and ___

A

liver; intestine

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21
Q

____ acid is a common intermediate in the synthesis of TAG and phospholipid

A

phosphatidic

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22
Q

TAG synthesis occurs in most tissue, but is most active in ___, ____, and ____

A

liver; adipose; intestine

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23
Q

True or false? In regards to TAG synthesis, all tissues can utilize the phosphatidic acid pathway

A

true

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24
Q

In the phosphatidic acid pathway, what happens to phosphatidic acid

A

it is dephosphorylated and a third acyl group is added

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25
Q

In regards to TAG synthesis, this pathway occurs only in the intestinal mucosa

A

monoacylglycerol pathway

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26
Q

In regards to TAG synthesis - specifically, the monoacylglycerol pathway, MAGs are absorbed from where?

A

from digestive products in the gut

27
Q

TAG produced in the ___ may include fatty acyls from the diet, or produced from excess carbohydrate and protein

A

liver

28
Q

TAG produced in the liver will be packed for secretion as ____

A

VLDL

29
Q

True or false? Most of fatty acid synthesis occurs in adipose tissue

A

false; very little

30
Q

The TAGs produced in adipose will be stored as __ ___

A

lipid droplets

31
Q

Fatty acids in the intestinal mucosa are from where?

A

the diet

32
Q

TAGs in the intestinal mucosa are packaged as ____ for distribution

A

chylomicrons

33
Q

Muscle cells obtain their fatty acids from the TAG circulating from ___ and from ___

A

diet; liver

34
Q

TAGs are stored as __ ___ in muscle cells

A

lipid droplets

35
Q

In regards to phospholipid synthesis, all tissues except mature ___ ___ cells synthesize phospholipids

A

red blood

36
Q

In regards to phospholipid synthesis, specifically synthesis of phosphatidylcholine, choline is activated by ______ followed by addition of ___ from ___

A

phosphorylation; CMP; CTP

37
Q

In regards to phospholipid synthesis, specifically synthesis of phosphatidylethanolamine, the CDP-choline is added to what?

A

1,2-diacylglycerol

38
Q

In regards to phospholipid synthesis, phsophatidylserine is produced primarily by exchanging ___ for the ___ of PE

A

serine; ethanolamine

39
Q

In regards to phospholipid synthesis, specifically the synthesis of phosphotidylinositol and cardiolipin, phosphatidic acid has to be “activated” by formation of ___-___

A

CDP-diaglycerol

40
Q

In regards to phospholipid synthesis, specifically Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine, is secreted by certain types of ___ cells as the major lipid component of ___ ___

A

lung; lung surfactant

41
Q

Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine is found in the extracellular fluid lining the ____

A

alveoli

42
Q

Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine is composed of ___% lipids, and ____% proteins

A

90; 10

43
Q

Surfactant decrease the surface tension, reducing the pressure needed to do what?

A

reinstall the alveoli

44
Q

Reduced ability to synthesize and/or secrete surfactant is associated with what?

A

respiratory distress in premature infants

45
Q

This is a special glycerol ether phospholipid formed by blood cells

A

Platelet activating factor

46
Q

In regards to phospholipid synthesis, specifically platelet activating factor, induces platelet aggregation at ___ concentrations

A

low

47
Q

In regards to phospholipid synthesis, Sphingomyelin is formed from what two things?

A

palmitoyl-CoA and Serine

48
Q

Sphingosine + fatty acyl in amide linkage = ?

A

ceramide

49
Q

In regards to glycosphingolipids, a ceramide + one carbohydrate residues is called what?

A

cerebroside

ex: galctoceramide, glucosylceramide

50
Q

In regards to glycosphingolipids, a ceamide + 2 or more carbohydrates is called what?

A

globoside

51
Q

In regards to glycosphingolipids, gangliosides contain a globoside and one or more molecules of a ___ acid

A

sialic

52
Q

Phospholipase A2 is secreted by the ___ as a digestive enzyme

A

pancreas

note: also found in snake venom; Phospholipase C and D are signaling components

53
Q

In regards to turnover of gangliosides, these are specific lysosomal enzymes involved in the catabolism of sphingolipids

A

sphingolipidoses

54
Q

Genetic deficiency of any sphingolipidoses causes what?

A

sphingolipidosis (accumulation of specific lipid)

55
Q

Tay-Sachs disease is caused by a deficiency in what?

A

B-hexosaminidase A

note: causes accumulation of Gm2

56
Q

In regards to turnover of gangliosides, What are the symptoms of Tay-Sachs disease?

A

rapid, progressive and fatal neurodegeneration; blindness; cherry-red macula; muscular weakness; seizures

57
Q

In regards to turnover of ganliosides, Gaucher is found in 1/1000 Ashkenazi Jewish Persons. It is caused by a deficiency in what?

A

glucocerbrosidase

note: causes accumulation of glucocerbroside

58
Q

What are the symptoms of Gaucher?

A

hepatosplenomegaly, osteoporosis of long bones, severe neurological signs

59
Q

Phosphatidylethanolamine is a ____

A

plasmalogen

60
Q

Phospholipase A1 hydrolyzes what bond in a phospholipid?

A

O - C - R1

^

61
Q

Phospholipase A2 hydrolyzes what bond in a phospholipid?

A

R2 - C - O

^

62
Q

Phospholipase B hydrolyzes what bond in a phospholipid?

A

same as both A1 and A2

63
Q

Phospholipase C hydrolyzes what bond in a phospholipid?

A

O - P - O - N base

^

64
Q

Phospholipase D hydrolyzes what bond in a phospholipid?

A

O - P - O - N base

^

Biochem (38 decks)

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