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Biochem > Intro to Metabolism > Flashcards

Intro to Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between catabolism and anabolism?

A

catabolism: utilization of compounds for the generation of energy
anabolism: utilization of energy to produce compounds

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2
Q

What do fats, polysaccharides, and proteins get broken down into during energy production?

A

fats: fatty acids and glycerol
polysaccharides: glucose and other sugars
proteins: AAs

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3
Q

____ is an important intermediate in several pathways

A

acetyl-CoA

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4
Q

Define glycogenesis and glycogenolysis.

A

glycogenesis: synthesis of glycogen
glycogenolysis: breakdown of glycogen

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5
Q

The pentose phosphate pathway generates what?

A

NADPH and 5 carbon sugars (ribose) for nucleotides

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6
Q

What are the starting and ending products of glycolysis

A

glucose -> pyruvate

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7
Q

What are some important side products from glycolysis in some tissues?

A

glycerol-3-phosphate

2,3-bisphophoglycerate

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8
Q

What is gluconeogensis and where does it take place?

A

synthesis of glucose from pyruvate; restricted to liver and kidney

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9
Q

____ is also the source for carbohydrates in glycoproteins and proteoglycans

A

glucose

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10
Q

Acetyl-CoA from carbohydrate and/or protein can be utilized to make ___

A

fat

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11
Q

Acetyl-CoA is a substrate for what? (4)

A
  1. TCA cycle
  2. lipogenesis
  3. cholesterol synthesis
  4. ketone bodies
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12
Q

____ ____ are also required for complex lipids, components of membranes

A

fatty acids

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13
Q

Some AAs can produce acetyl-CoA, some AAs can produce carbohydrate intermediates. In both cases, what happens to the AA?

A
  1. AA is eliminated as urea

2. AA is re-utilized to form another AA

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14
Q

AAs are the source of nearly all the ___ in compounds making up an organism

A

nitrogen

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15
Q

More than one pathway may be required for some special compounds. Describe what Phospholipids and Nucleotides require.

A

Phospholipids: require contribution from lipids, carbohydrates, and AAs

Nucleotides: require contribution form AAs and carbohydrates

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16
Q

Gluconeogeneis only occurs where?

A

liver and part of kidney

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17
Q

Red blood cells contain no ____, and cannot utilize ___ ___ metabolism

A

mitochondria; aerobic carbohydrate

18
Q

Organs participate in specialized pathways associated with their function. ___ hormones are produced in endocrine glands

A

steroid

19
Q

Some storage forms of molecules are restricted to certain organs. Where are glycogen and triacylglycerols stored?

A

glycogen: only in muscle and liver
triacylglycerols: only in adipose tissue

20
Q

Pathways may be found only in certain sub cellular locations. Fatty acid oxidation and fatty acid synthesis both occur where?

A

liver

21
Q

Fatty acid oxidation occurs only inside _____, while fatty acid synthesis occurs only in ____

A

mitochondria; cytosol

note: this arrangement prevents “futile cycling”

22
Q

Control of a pathway is through control of ___ activity

A

enzyme

23
Q

A key regulated enzyme of glycolysis is affected ____ by a product of the pathway. This is an example of what?

A

allosterically; example of feedback inhibition

24
Q

True or false? an enzyme responds the same way to the same hormone in different tissues

A

false; responds differently

25
Q 
For each of the following components, give their associated amount of calories/gram:
carbohydrate
protein
ethanol
fat
A

carbohydrate: 4
protein: 4
ethanol: 7
fat: 9

26
Q

There are no essential carbohydrates since there are biochemical mechanisms to synthesize required carbohydrates from non-carbohydrate molecules

A

true

27
Q

The “typical” western diet consists of about half the calories from _____

A

carbohydrates

28
Q

In regards to fiber, cellulose and himicelluloses ____ stool bulk and ____ transit time

A

increase; decrease

29
Q

In regards to fiber, lignins ____ stool bulk and bind what two things

A

increase; bind cholesterol and carcinogens

30
Q

In regards to fiber, pectin and gums decrease rate what 3 things?

A

decrease rate of gastric emptying
decrease rate of carbohydrate absorption
decrease serum cholesterol

31
Q

What does the glycemic index show?

A

the effect of a standard amount of carbohydrate on blood glucose concentration compared to the effect of a standard amount of glucose

32
Q

A higher glycemic index would be expected to ____ blood glucose faster and lead to a greater release of ____

A

raise; insulin

33
Q

What is the recommended protein intake?

A

0.8 g/kg body wt/day

34
Q

Protein intake needs to be increased during growth and illness. True or false?

A

true

35
Q

What are the essential AAs?

A

Threonine, Tryptophan, Valine, Arginine, Histidine, Lysine, Phenylalanine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Methionine

mnemonic: These Ten Valuable Amino-acids Have Long Preserved Life In Man

36
Q

____ is sometimes considered essential for growing children

A

arginine

37
Q

Positive nitrogen balance: more nitrogen ingested than excreted occurs during what two periods?

A

growth; convalescence

38
Q

Negative nitrogen balance: more nitrogen is excreted than ingested occurs when?

A

starvation; diseases; severe burns

39
Q

Fats require essential fatty acids. What are these two essential fatty acids?

A

Linoleic acid (18:2), Linolenic acid (18:3)

40
Q

What is the recommended intake of fat in a balanced diet? give in percentage of total calories

A

20-35%

41
Q

In regards to under-nutrition, describe Marasmus.

A
  1. Occurs in both adults and children
  2. extreme emanation from prolonged negative energy balance
  3. loss of protein from muscle, heart, liver, and kidneys
42
Q

In regards to under-nutrition, describe kwasiorkor

A
  1. affects undernourished children primarily in the developing world
  2. thought to be due to a diet adequate in calories but sufficient in protein
  3. poor growth, low plasma protein and AA levels, muscle wasting, edema, fatty liver, diarrhea, increased susceptibility to infection

Biochem (38 decks)

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